موضوع5:تنقیدکی ضرورت و اہمیت
تنقید:
تنقید عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے۔جس کے معنی جانچنا، پرکھنا ، کھرے اور کھوٹے کو الگ کرنا ہیں۔
تنقیدکی ضرورت و اہمیت:
تنقید کا سلسلہ تخلیق آدم سے شروع ہوا۔ جب اللہ تعالی نے حضرت آدم ؑکو پید اکیا تو فرشتوں نے اللہ سے گزارش کہ کہ یہ انسان دنیا میں جاکر فساد اور لڑائی جھگڑے کرے گا۔ اس کی تخلیق کی ضرورت کیوں پیش آئی؟عبادت کے لیے تو ہم کافی ہیں۔ اس کی تخلیق پر نظر ثانی کی جائے۔اللہ نے فرشتوں کوغرض تخلیق آدم? سے آگاہ کیا۔سب سے پہلے آدم? پر تنقید کی گئی یعنی تخلیق پر تنقید ہوئی۔اس سے یہ بھی واضع ہوا کہ تنقید کے لیے تخلیق کا ہونا ضروری ہے۔
تنقید تخلیقی ذہن کو جلا بخشتی ہے جس کی وجہ سے صحت مند تخلیق وجود میں آتی ہے۔تنقید تخلیق کے فن کے لیے سازگار ماحول مہیا کرتی ہے۔مثلا ایک شاعر نظم میں بے ہودہ الفاظ استعمال کرتا ہے تونقاد اس کو دھوڈالتا ہے۔اس لیے آئندہ لکھنے والے اس تنقید کو مدنظر رکھیں گے تنقید کا دوسرا کام فن پاروں کی تشریح و توضیع کرنا ہے مثلا نقادکیا کہنا چاہ رہا ہے۔تخلیق کار تخلیق کردیتا ہے اور نقاد کا کام یہ ہے کہ وہ وضاحت کرکے بتاتا ہے کہ کیا صحیح ہے اور کیا غلط ہے۔ایک انگریز مفکر "ڈیوڈ ڈیشن "کہتے ہیں:
" نقاد ادب کے بارے میں کئی قسم کے سوالات اٹھاتا ہے۔تاہم اگر وہ کوئی سوال نہ بھی اٹھائے تووہ فن پارے کے مختلف طریقوں سے شرح کرکے وضاحت کرکے قاری کے حسن فن میں اضافہ کرتا ہے۔نقاد ادب کے بارے میں کئی سوالات اٹھا تا ہے۔"
تنقید کی ضرورت:
• تنقید سے کسی فن پارے کے محاسن و معائب سامنے آئیں گے یعنی خوبیاں اور خامیاں وغیرہ۔
• شاعروں اور ادیبوں کو دوبارہ زندہ کرنے کے...
This article aims to determine the benefits of strategic planning for Islamic educational institutions. The method used is a literature review, by collecting various supporting article references from national journals. The results of this study explain, if strategic planning can be made and implemented correctly and supported by leadership commitment, then strategic planning can provide benefits for Islamic educational institutions, including: (1) Strategic planning can strengthen the "critical mass" into a team that compact, because it is directed to adhere to basic values, main systems and common goals, (2) Strategic planning can help to optimize the performance of Islamic educational institutions, (3) Strategic planning can help leaders to always focus attention and adhere to a framework for overall improvement efforts continuous, (4) Strategic planning provides guidelines for daily decision making, and (5) Strategic planning always makes it easy to measure the organization's progress in achieving its goals of improving quality and productivity. The benefits of educational strategic planning are things that need to be considered to create quality Islamic educationh
As the provincial metropolis of the strategically located North-Western region of India, Lahore received special attention during the British rule (1849-1947). It became a hub of the huge railway network for a vast and growing economy spread over a large area. The city’s eastern part accommodated railway facilities of all types and residential colonies primarily for the European staff of all levels. Soon the railways became the largest employer in the city and helped to rapidly transform its economy from one based largely on agriculture to an industrial one. For accommodating this varied staff, comprising of a multitude of ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds, as close as possible to the railway facilities a large number of railway housing colonies were built in the east and southeast side of Lahore. With the passage of time the railway housing became the largest public sector housing in northern India. Railway housing from the English period (1862-1947) has been neglected by scholars in spite of its historical status and contribution to the social and urban fabric of Lahore. While researching this topic a number of questions were raised and thoroughly dealt with. These could be, generally, listed under three heads: Urban; Neighborhood; and the Residential. As per the contemporary urban historians, multi-level and ever-changing complexities of city life require that a city’s residential architecture can only be understood properly in its neighborhood and city-wide context. The railway housing was scattered, as the housing for the senior officers was located at a distance from that for the low-income staff and this obviously changed their contextual placement in an urban setting. The study of residential buildings in their immediate context was the second level of this study. Any study of individual residential buildings remains incomplete without the study of the complete built culture including the building bylaws, land-use and other socio-cultural infrastructure for the different users. To ascertain all this investigation addressed the following questions: What is the reason for their location in a particular residential settlement, who are its users, what is the conceptual underpinning behind their layout, type of its infrastructure with respect to its users. The objective of the above-mentioned studies was to situate the architectural analysis within a multi-scale social framework of residential colonies and metropolitan Lahore. Finally, this study in detail analyzes individual residential buildings. This requires a different approach than those adopted for the above two categories so a different set of questions was raised and answered: These concerned, firstly, the different categories of plots and their layouts, reasons for differences in planning of interior spaces and changes in them over time. The second type of questions concerned the technological aspects such as the different construction techniques adopted and improvements in them over time. The third aspect concerned the environmental concerns such as those dealing with the techniques adopted in attempting to cope with the harsh weather conditions. The fourth and final question concerned the adoption of different architectural styles/forms and reasons for their adoption. This dissertation, takes into account all the direct and indirect sources, archival records as well as field studies to answer the above-mentioned questions.