KEPEMIMPINAN DALAM LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

Leadership is the process of activities of someone who has the art / ability to influence, coordinate and move individuals so that cooperation arises regularly in an effort to achieve common goals that have been established / formulated. While educational leadership, namely the process of activities influencing, moving and coordinating individuals, organizations / educational institutions to achieve certain goals that have been formulated. Leader skills operate the organization. Is skill to cooperate, motivate and lead and technical skills, namely skills that must be possessed by the principal in using knowledge, methods, techniques, and equipment to complete certain tasks. Other activities that the headmaster must do as a self-developer are learning and observing daily work in the wet environment, observing management activities in a planned and creative way to develop new methods in the learning process and building networks.

Impact of Internatinal Labour Migration on Household Economy With Special Reference to District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Labour is the precious asset of any society, because it contributes a lot in the development of the countries and welfare of the societies. Similarly, labour migration has a significant role in socioeconomic uplift of the population. With the increased rate of globalization, the significance of international labour migration has also risen. The main aim of study was to analyse the socioeconomic impacts of international labour migration on the household economy in District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study also deals with the investigation of reasons behind the labour migrations internationally and the effects of migration on health status, educational attainments and per capita income on the household economy of the families left behind. For the current investigation, district Karak was selected because of the fact that this region has very meagre employment opportunities, and a significant proportion of its population is dependent on the earnings of migrated labour. The major reasons for the scarcity of employment opportunities include state of general poverty, poor service structure and rain-fed agriculture in the study region. The agricultural sector is not having the enough capacity to employ significant proportion of labour. Though district Karak is bestowed with huge natural resources like natural gas, oil, coal, minerals, salts etc., but unfortunately these resources are yet not explored and utilized optimally for the betterment of the communities. There is no major industry in the region and human resources are also mostly unskilled. There are very limited opportunities for business in the area. A large proportion of its population is therefore unemployed and forced to migrate to other countries for earning livelihood. There are three Tehsils in district Karak namely Karak, Banda Daud Shah and Takht-e-Nasrati. For the study 210 respondents were selected from all the three tehsils, proportionally to their population size. The number of respondents from Tehsil Karak was 86, Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati it was 76 and Tehsil Banda Daud Shah it was 48. The data was collected randomly through snowball sampling technique form the study region. The interview method was used for primary data collection and the researcher explained all the questions well to the respondents. The respondents were accompanied by their other family members who supported them in giving answers to the researcher’s questions. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, 16.0 version) and presented in the form of frequencies, percentages, arithmetic means, maximum values, minimum values and standard deviations. Four econometric linear regression models were used to analyze the relation between various parameters. Model-1 was used for the analysis of factors which were related to the reasons for migration. Model-2 estimated the effect of labour migration on the per capita income of the left behind families of the labour migrants. Model-3 was employed for the assessment of the health status of the migrant’s left behind families. Model 4 was utilized to study the role of labour migration in educational attainments of the left behind families. The results derived from these models were presented in the forms of co-efficient, standard errors, tstatistics and p-values. The findings of the study showed that the factors like lack of employment opportunities, wage differentials, agriculture and industrial under-development, large family size, more dependents, low level of education etc. coupled with other factors caused the local labour to migrate abroad for getting better employment. The study revealed that most of labour migrated to Gulf countries. The results discovered that the remittances have very positive and significant effect on household economy of families left behind. The remittances generally improved the per capita income, health status, educational attainments, livelihoods, social and economic conditions, household’s physical infrastructures, savings, investments, commercial holdings, purchase of lands, purchase of vehicles etc. It was also found that there were some negative psychological and social effects on the spouse and children of the migrants. It is recommended that the local employment market may also be widened to engage indigenous population in various economic activities. The Government should devise a viable policy to promote international labour migration and provide more amenities to the migrant’s families. More educational and technical training facilities may be established to make labour more educated and skilful, so that they can earn more for the welfare and development of families left behind. Information centres should be established at district level for counselling and guidance of people who want to migrate abroad.