جس شخص کے لہجے میں ہی تاثیر نہیں ہے
کر سکتا کسی دل کو وہ تسخیر نہیں ہے
کیوں آس مری ایک بھی پوری نہیں ہوتی
کیوں میرے کسی خواب کی تعبیر نہیں ہے
اجمال سے اشکوں نے بیاں کر تو دیا ہے
کامل یہ مرے حال کی تصویر نہیں ہے
اب جائو مسیحا کو مرے ڈھونڈ کے لائو
اب اور مرے بچنے کی تدبیر نہیں ہے
جکڑا ہے زمانے کی رسومات نے ہم کو
ٹوٹے گی کبھی ایسی یہ زنجیر نہیں ہے
دکھ درد ہیں تائبؔ مرا سرمایۂ ہستی
ان جیسی کوئی دوسری جاگیر نہیں ہے
Permissibility (al-Ibāḥah) is a kind of the Islamic law, which gives option to someone to do or not to do something. If something is done by someone under this order, no punishment or reward is liable. It nullifies the delinquency. This paper defines the lexical and technical meanings of permissibility as defined by different Islamic scholars like alShāṭibī, al-Āmidī and al-Ghazālī and the conventional law that how it removes responsibility of delinquency of an act and makes it permissible for person, who does it. Its different kinds and causes for permissibility have been discussed. It has general and particular kinds. It has also been differentiated from insanity: that when a person commits an offense under defective understanding such as childhood, mental illness and in sleeping. These conditions remove someone’s responsibility and one cannot be prosecuted by both the laws. Different rules regarding mistake and ignorance in the case of al-Ibāḥah (permissibility) has been discussed in detail. There are limitations of al-Ibāḥah and if the limits of alIbāḥah are transgressed, then, the act converts into criminality. The author, in this paper, presents a comparative study of the Islamic Law and Conventional Law on the issue of al-Ibāḥah.
One and two dimensional nonlinear dissipative structures are studied with non-Maxwellian electrons in nonuniform magnetized plasmas. In 1D (one dimension), nonlinear drift-wave is derived by employing the drift approximation whereas, in 2D (two dimensions) under the weak nonlinearity limit, coupled drift-ion acoustic wave is derived. In the linear regime, it is observed that the nonthermal electron population modi es the frequency of coupled drift ion acoustic wave. Formation of shock structures is observed with nonthermal Cairns and kappa distributed electrons and it is found that the presence of these distributions signi cantly modi es these nonlinear structures. Velocity of nonlinear structures and diamagnetic drift velocity are found to play a signi cant role in the formation of these structures. Existence regimes for one and two dimensional drift shock waves are found and it is observed that kappa distributed electrons for 1D case can give rise to compressive as well as rarefactive shock structures whereas, Cairns distributed electrons are found to behave in a di erent way for the formation of these drift shock structures. Coupling of drift waves and ion-acoustic waves in linear and nonlinear regime are studied in a nonuniform magnetized plasma comprising of two ion species (i.e. Oxygen and Hydrogen ions) in the presence of nonthermal distribution of electrons. Dispersion characteristics of coupled drift-ion acoustic waves are found to be modi ed for kappa and Cairns distributed nonthermal electrons population as well as for di erent ratios of ion number densities. Drift solitary waves are studied by deriving the one dimensional KdV and two dimensional KP like equations for pure drift and coupled drift-ion acoustic waves respectively. These solitary structures are observed to be modi ed in the presence of di erent ratios of ion number densities as well as nonthermal distribution of electrons. Existence regimes for drift solitary waves are determined with the help of the velocity of the nonlinear structure and diamagnetic drift velocity. Further, using non-Maxwellian Cairns, kappa and q-nonextensive electron distributions along-with sheared ion ow, coupling of drift vortex modes and ion acoustic modes are investigated in a nonuniform magnetized plasma comprising of hot ions. Nonlinear vortex structures are observed in the presence of non-Maxwellian electrons population iii and it is found that there is a shift in the position of these structures because of nonthermal populated electrons. The importance of these particles in the Earth''s auroral zone is pointed out and comparison with their Maxwellian counterpart is also made. Shear ow in dust dynamics driven waves in combination with the dust-neutral drag is studied in a plasma containing ions, electrons and dust. Non-thermal population of ions is considered which has been observed by many satellite missions. It is found that the dissipative instability produced by dust sheared ow and dust-neutral drag gets modi ed because of these nonthermal ions. It is also observed that the dissipative instability enhances for the Cairns distribution whereas, the kappa distribution arrests the growth of this instability. In the nonlinear regime, formation of vortices in the system is studied. It is found that the nonthermal population of ions signi cantly alter these structures by comparison with their Maxwellian counterpart.