قدیم مصری عقائد اور عورت
عجائب گھر کی تیسری منزل پر بڑے بڑے ہالوں میں فراعین اور ان کی بیگمات کی قبروں سے برآمد ہونے والی اشیا ء رکھی گئی تھیں ۔ان اشیاء کو دیکھ کر اندازہ ہوتا ہے کہ فراعین کی ملکائیں اپنی زیبائش کا کس قدر خیال رکھتی تھی ۔چہروں پر غازہ ،ہونٹوں پر سرخی ، ناخنوں پر رنگ ،بالوں اور جسم کو نفیس رکھنے کے لیے تیل یہاں تک کہ مصری خواتین کے مجسموں کی آنکھوں پر بھی روغن سرمے لگے تھے ۔اس کے علاوہ مختلف کریمیں ،آئینے ، استرے ،بالوں کی سوئیاں ،کنگھیاں ،سنگھار پیٹی ،رکابیاں ،چمچ ،لکڑی ،ہاتھی دانت سے بنی اشیا ،سونے کانسی اور دیگر قیمتی دھاتوں سے بنے زیورات کے بے شمار نمونے یہاں نمائش کے لیے رکھے گئے تھے۔ عجائب گھر میں مصریوں کے قدیم برہنگی سے لے کر ایام سلطنت کے پر تکلف ملبوسات تک ہر عمر اور حیثیت کے مرد و خواتین کے لباس آویزاں تھے ۔وہاں موجود ایک گائیڈ نے ہمیں بتایا کہ اس زمانے میں بچے اور بچیاں اٹھارہ انیس سا ل تک بالیوں اور گلو بندوں کے علاوہ بے لباس پھرتے تھے ۔تاہم لڑکیاں کمر کے گرد منکوں کا کمر بند باندھ کر ایک ظاہری حجاب بناتیں ،ملازم اور کسان لوگوں کے عام کپڑوں میں صرف ایک لنگوٹی شامل تھی ۔
قدیم بادشاہت میں آزاد مرد اور عورتیں ناف تک برہنہ پھرتے اور کمر سے گھٹنوں تک کا حصہ چھوٹی سی چست قمیض سے ڈھانپتے ۔خوشحال گھرانوں کی عورتیں چست قمیض تر ک کر کے ڈھیلی ڈھالی قبا پہنتی تھیں جو کندھے کے اوپر سے آگے آتی اور دائیں چھاتی کے نیچے گرہ کی صورت میں بندھی ہوتی ۔
فرعونوں کے زمانے میں عورت اور مرد دونوں زیوارات کو پسند کرتے اور گردن ، چھاتی...
The Holy Quran is seen as the ultimate source of guidance and knowledge in Islam. It defines inheritance as automatic transfer of possession by which estate person transfers to the heirs as succession. In the Quran Surat Al Nisa explains about inheritane in just a manner that is due to each individual, male female. This Surah of the Quran has clearly specifies that women should no longer be treated as cattle and commodities, but as individuals, they have the legal right to inherit. The Quran mentions plainly the women right of inheritance in Surat Al Nisa : “ Allah Charge you concerning (i provision for) your children : to the male equivalent of the portion of two females, and if there be women more than two, then theirs is two-third of inheritance, and there be one(only) then the half. Islam gives the women right of inheritance, but the practical situation is different in society and country laws of inheritance. Women are often deprived of this fundamental right especially when it comes inheritance of immoveable assets i.e land. There are numerous reasons to deprive women from inheritance, for example cultural practices such as considering dowry as an alternate to inheritance etc. But the major cause is lack of knowledge and awareness regarding Shariah Law and state legislature due to rampant literacy and dominant role of customs and culture. This research article is an attempt to describe Islamic Law of inheritance along with the extensive study to analyze the practical social and legal status in Pakistani society, and awareness among the women of Pakistan.
This study was designed to find the comparative effects of teaching Physics through inquiry method, and traditional lecture method, and analyze effects of these methods on Grade 9 students’ attitude towards Physics. The objectives of the study were (a) to find the effectiveness of teaching Physics to Grade 9 through inquiry teaching method (ITM) on academic achievement of male and female students, (b) to find the effectiveness of teaching of Physics to Grade 9 through traditional teaching lecture method (TTLM) on academic achievement of male and female students, (c) to find comparative effectiveness of teaching Physics to Grade 9 through inquiry teaching (ITM) and traditional teaching lecture method (TTLM) on academic achievement of male and female students,(d) to find comparative effectiveness of inquiry teaching method (ITM) and traditional teaching lecture method (TTLM) in teaching of Physics to Grade 9,(e) to find the attitude towards Physics of male and female students in the teaching of Physics through inquiry teaching method (ITM), (f) to find attitude towards Physics of male and female students in the teaching of Physics through traditional teaching lecture method (TTLM) and (g) to find the attitude towards Physics for Grade 9 of male and female students in the teaching of Physics through inquiry teaching method (ITM) and traditional teaching lecture method (TTLM).Fifty four (54) null hypotheses were tested in order to achieve the objectives. Two hundred and forty (240) science students (120 male and 120 female) of Grade 9, from four schools were constituted as sample of the study. Students of each school were divided into two equivalent groups i.e. control and experimental group on the basis of Pre-test of (academic achievement and attitude toward Physics). Experimental groups were taught through inquiry method and control groups by traditional lecture method for twenty two weeks. Post-test of academic achievements, and Pre-test of attitude toward Physics, were administered after treatment to assess the difference in performance of all groups. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed to compute mean, standard deviation and t-value. The data collected by Pre-test of academic achievement, Post-test academic achievement, Pre-test of attitude towards Physics and Post-test of attitude towards Physics were analyzed through SPSS 16.0 software; t-test was applied to test null hypotheses at significance level(0.05). The performance of the experimental group on Post-test of academic achievement, and Post-test attitude towards Physics were significantly more effective, than Pre-test of academic achievement, Pre- test of attitude towards Physics and the control groups, this proves that inquiry teaching method is more effective, than the traditional lecture method in learning Physics. Performance of experimental group (boys) was better than the experimental group (girls) in all learning domains and attitude towards Physics. On the basis of findings, conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made accordingly.