محمد عباس اثرؔ(۱۹۰۱ء۔پ) کا اصل نام محمد عباس اور اثرؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ اثر ؔراولپنڈی میں پیدا ہوئے۔ سیالکوٹ میں بزمِ افکار کا احیا کیا اور اس بزم کے صدر بنے۔ اثر سیالکوٹ میں حلقہ اربابِ ذوق کے ممبر بھی منتخب ہوئے۔ آپ نعت‘ غزل‘ نظم اور قطعات لکھتے تھے ۔(۳۴۴) اثر روایتی شاعر ہیں۔ ان کی شاعری توحید و رسالت‘ یاسیت اور دردو غم میں ڈوبی ہوئی ہے۔ نمونۂ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
آج کچھ اور حال ہے دل کا
/بجھ رہا ہے چراغ محفل کا
-اک بگولہ اٹھا سرِ منزل
-اڑ رہا ہے غبار منزل کا
3غم کی کونپل نگاہ سے پھوٹی
/کوئی ٹوٹا ہے آبلہ دل کا
5آندھی اٹھی اثرؔ بڑھاؤ قدم
/بجھ رہا ہے چراغ منزل کا
(۳۴۵)
کیا سناتے انہیں ہم حال سنایا نہ گیا
درد محسوس تو ہوتا تھا دکھایا نہ گیا
اور تو رنج کئی ہم نے اٹھائے لیکن
رنج بے مہری احباب اٹھایا نہ گیا
(۳۴۶)
/شکستِ غم آرزو درد بن کر
میرے دل کو رہتا ہے اکثر لپیٹے
اثر میں نے اشعار میں ضبطِ غم سے
3سلگتے ہوئے چند آنسو سمیٹے
(۳۴۷)
The main purpose of the study was to explore educators' views on children's the early years' curriculum and pedagogy implemented in Pakistan. This research study is grounded in qualitative design i.e. Case study. The case included examining educators, the early years' and school managers' critical reflections on children's learning and development during the early years' education. This research study is first of its kind in the context of Pakistan as the early years teachers' views about their teaching practices have rarely incorporated in recent studies. The main finding of this study was that curriculum and pedagogies used in early years' program has never been concentrated earlier as potential research themes. Though many research studies have been conducted on the implementation of ECE programs, but not any specific study concentrated on matching curriculum goals with its implementation to facilitate children's holistic development. It was learnt that national curriculum framework 2007 is not followed in most ECE classes. The main reason was found that many practitioners i.e. Educators and managers have not seen or read it. Consequently, national philosophy is compromised while nurturing children holistically It is therefore recommended for teachers and educators to study the national and now provincial curriculum framework because it has set a benchmark as what to achieve and suggested how to achieve the goals.
Application of organic manures and its integration with chemical fertilizers could be effective in order to manage nitrogen for sustainable production of maize (Zea mays L.). Therefore, a field study was performed at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan to evaluate the different nitrogen sources for sustainable production of autumn maize. Poultry manure (PM) compost, press-mud (PrM) compost and urea were used as nitrogen sources. The study comprised of two experiments which was carried out during 2011 and 2012. In experiment-I treatments were control, 2 t ha -1 PM compost, 4 t ha -1 PM compost, 6 t ha -1 PM compost, 8 t ha -1 PM compost, 10 t ha -1 PM compost, 2 t ha -1 PrM compost, 4 t ha -1 PrM compost, 6 t ha -1 PrM compost, 8 t ha -1 PrM compost and 10 t ha -1 PrM compost. However, in experiment-II treatments were control, 100% N from PM compost, 75% N from PM compost + 25% N from urea, 50% N from PM compost + 50% N from urea, 25% N from PM compost + 75% N from urea, 100% N from PrM compost, 75% N from PrM compost + 25% N from urea, 50% N from PrM compost + 50% N from urea, 25% N from PrM compost + 75% N from urea and 100% N from urea. The results of experiment-I showed that crop growth rate, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield, grain protein and soil inorganic N, organic matter and water holding capacity were recorded maximum with the application of 10 t ha -1 PM compost compared to unfertilized control. Results of HYDRUS-2D model showed that maximum inorganic N was predicted in soils amended with 10 t ha -1 PM compost. However, 10 t ha -1 PM compost also gave maximum gross and net income and benefit cost ratio. The results of experiment-II showed that application of 25% N from PM compost + 75% N from urea gave maximum crop growth rate, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield, grain protein and soil inorganic N. The maximum soil organic matter and water holding capacity were attained where 100% N from PM compost was applied. However, HYDRUS-2D model predicted maximum soil inorganic N where 25% N from PM compost + 75% N from urea was applied. Moreover, economic analysis depicted that maximum gross and net income and benefit cost ratio were attained due to incorporation of 25% N from PM compost + 75% N from urea. This study suggested that 10 t ha -1 PM compost and 25% N from PM compost + 75% N from urea could be utilized successfully in agro-climatic conditions of Faisalabad, Pakistan for sustainable production of maize.