تحویل قبلہ:
تحویل کعبہ کی وجہ:آنحضرتؐ نے سولہ یا سترہ ماہ بیت المقدس کی طرف نماز ادا کی لیکن جب اسلام پھیلا تو اب کوئی وجہ جواز نہ تھی کہ اصل قبلہ کو چھوڑ کر دوسری طرف رخ کر کے نماز پڑھی جاتی۔ اس پر یہ آیت اتری۔’’ فَوَلَّ وَجھَکَ شَطرالمسجدَ الحَرَامِ وَحَیثُ مَا کُنتُم فَوَلُّوا وَجُوھَکُم شَطرَہَ‘‘ ( البقرہ۔۱۴۴)’’ تو اپنا منھ مسجد الحرام کی طرف پھیرو اور جہاں کہیں رہو اسی طرح منھ پھیرو‘‘۔ اس پر یہودیوں کو دکھ ہوا اور غصہ میں لال ہو رہے تھے۔ اب تک قبلہ بیت المقدس تھا وہ فخر کرتے تھے۔ اب وہ فخر زمین بوس ہو گیا۔ اس پر انھوں نے طعن شروع کیا کہ پیغمبر اسلامﷺ ہر بات میں ہمارا مخالف ہے اس لیے قبلہ بدل لیا یا ان کو اس سے پھیر دیا؟ اس قسم کے دیگر اٹھنے والے سوالات کا جواب قرآن کریم نے فرمایا( بقرہ۔۱۴۲) ترجمہ: سفہا یہ اعتراض کریں گے کہ مسلمانوں کا جو قبلہ تھا اس سے ان کو کس نے پھیر دیا۔کہہ دو کہ مشرق و مغرب سب خدا ہی کا ہے‘‘ ’’ قل للہ المشرق و المغرب‘‘ قرآن کریم نے ایک اور وجہ بتائی’’ تیرا جو قبلہ پہلے تھا اس کو جو ہم نے پھر قبلہ کر دیا تو اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ یہ معلوم ہو جائے کہ پیغمبر کا پیرو کون ہے اور پیچھے پھر جانے والا کون ہے؟ اور بے شبہ یہ قبلہ نہایت گراں اور ناگوار ہے بہ جز ان لوگوں کے جن کو خدا نے ہدایت کی ہے‘‘۔ بہت سے یہودی منافقانہ انداز اپنائے ہوئے تھے۔ وہ مسلمانوں کے ساتھ نماز بھی پڑھتے لیکن اندر سے مسلمانوں کے دشمن تھے۔ جب تحویل قبلہ ہوا تو منافقت طشت ازبام ہو گئی۔کوئی یہودی کسی طرح گوارا نہیں کر سکتا تھا کہ جو چیز اس کی قومیت،...
Abstract The paper identifies major changes in educational policies in Pakistan after the incident of September 11. It hoards the facts on the attack of September 11(2001) that had no direct link with Pakistan, but has changed the spectrum of regional policies and shifted the traditional way of learning with west-led agenda on the name of international standards. The study indicates major changes and shifts in the education policies and national curriculum as well as amendments in legal framework and laws including 18th Constitutional Amendment of 2010 and Article-25A of the Constitution of Pakistan. The struggle for uniform education system by various political and military governments throughout the history of Pakistan since independence is also scooped and a comprehensive view is provided on major policy changes and its impacts on education system in Pakistan. The research is based on analysis of primary and secondary sources of information. It is a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Pakistan as a State still is in the list of developing countries and struggling with internal and external problems and their effects caused hurdles in the process of development and reforms in various sectors including education. Security remained one of the major subjects of focus for Pakistan for last many decades along with other administrative matters. The matters including economy, infrastructure development and strengthen democratic system in with democratic or dictator led governments whichever was the case of administration continued tackling with security and terrorism within the state as a top priority issue since 9/11. Pakistan’s investment on education sector remained poor in which resulted lagging behind of the country in all major development indicators. Education remained the core subject that bough up revolution in 21st century and hence has acquired greater importance around the world. After 18th Amendment, the duty of satisfactory spending on education consequently dwells with each province to have the capacity to satisfy Pakistan's national and international duties regarding education. The research encompassed efforts of Pakistan’s administration during various eras on national and international level to meet requirements of international standard education policies.
The present study was designed to synthesize some innovative multifunctional polymeric excipients for improved efficacy and site-specific delivery of antiLeishmanial drugs. Therefore, mannose anchored thiolated chitosan-graftedpolyethyleneimine (M-(CS-g-PEI)-TGA) polymeric excipient was synthesized and utilized for the development of first-line Meglumine Antimoniate (MA) antiLeishmanial drug nanoformulation to address the cellular bioavailability limitations. On the other hands, mannose anchored thiolated chitosan (M-CS-TGA) polymeric excipient was manufactured for the production of second-line Amphotericin B (AmB) anti-Leishmanial drug nanoformulation to reduce off-target adverse events by specific pathological organs reservoirs delivery. The newly synthesized M-(CS-g-PEI)-TGA polymeric excipient graft was evaluated for Trypanothione Reductase (TR) enzyme inhibition as a potential target. The observed hydrodynamic size of M-(CS-g-PEI)-TGA based MA nanoformulation and M-CS-TGA based AmB nanoformulation was found to be 287 ± 20 and 482 ± 17 respectively, with positive zeta-potential and low PDI. M- (CS-g-PEI)-TGA based MA nanoformulation showed the maximum macrophage internalization uptake of 61.47 ± 0.25 µg/106 cells. The flow cytometry analysis against Leishmania donovani infected macrophage model demonstrated 7.9- and 23-folds enhanced efficacy of M-(CS-g-PEI)-TGA based MA nanoformulation and M-CS-TGA based AmB nanoformulation as compared to MA and AmB, respectively. The results of in-vivo BALB/c mice visceral Leishmaniasis model for M-(CS-g-PEI)-TGA based MA nanoformulation displayed 5.22-fold decreased parasitic burden (p < 0.0001) compared to that of MA. For maximum selective targeting of the pathological organ while minimizing exposure to the organs prone to toxic effects, in vivo tissue distribution study, was conducted. M-CS-TGA based AmB nanoformulation showed a higher concentration of AmB (101 mg) in the liver as compared to the native AmB drug (43 mg). But in the case of the kidney, the M-CS-TGA based AmB nanoformulation revealed less concentration of AmB with respect to native AmB drug. Inorder to establish the safety profile of the AmB nanoformulation, the acute oral toxicity in female Swiss mice did not show any evident change in cellular morphology supporting the safety of M-CS-TGA due to renal clearance. The oral pharmacokinetic studies showed that M-(CS-g-PEI)-TGA based nanoformulation and M-CS-TGA based nanoformulation significantly enhanced bioavailability of MA and AmB respectively. The observed enhanced pharmacokinetic profile might be due to permeation enhancing potential of synthesized polymeric excipients. Based on these findings, incorporation of new multifunctional polymeric excipients for the development of macro phage targeted nano formulation seems to be a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy and safety of the anti-Leishmanial drug.