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Statistical Characterization of Regulatory Regions in Drosophila Melanogaster Through Regchar: A Java Written Application

Thesis Info

Author

Noor-Ul-Ain Khaliq

Supervisor

Aisha Naeem

Department

Department of Biosciences

Program

BS

Institute

COMSATS University Islamabad

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2012

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Biosciences

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676719630112

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ہوئے جد دے یار بیگانے

ہوئے جد دے یار بیگانے
بنے دشمن کل زمانے

اساں ترس گئے یار ملن نوں
تیری کیوں نہیں ڈھکدی خانے

کتے پھلاں اتے تتلی
کتے شمع تے پروانے

عشق کیتا زور زلیخا
ونڈ دتے مال خزانے

گئے تارے منہ لکا کے
چن چڑھیا جد آسمانے

سنگ جس دی عمراں گزری
اجے غیر ہیں اس دے بھانے

کرو رحمت یا محمدؐ
تیرے امتی سب دیوانے

بھانویں ہائی زلیخا جھوٹی
گئے یوسف بندی خانے

کیوں نیوں اجیہا لایا
مینوں دنیا دیندی طعنے

کئی بے گناہ وچ جیلاں
کئی بے گناہ وچ تھانے

اوہدی پلکاں وانگر سوئیاں
جیویں چڑھیا تیر کمانے

اوہ بے پرواہ کہاوے
جیہڑا مالک کل جہانے

Analytical Study of Dual Banking and Earlier Efforts Towards Islamization of Bank of Khyber in the Light of Shariah

The proposal of interest-free banking is very old because Islam restricted the interest base transaction at very beginning after the revelation of prohibition of Interest, noble Quran called it as Riba. This prohibition is of sever nature relatively, Allah says; O you who have believed, fear Allah and give up what remains [due to you] of interest, if you should be believers. And if you do not, then be informed of a war [against you] from Allah and His Messenger. The suggestion for the establishment of such financial institutions that run according to shariah has been put in queue for about centuries. To get rid from the dominancy of conventional banking system, forced the religious scholar to take initiative in this regard and started interest free banking. It was not easy to switch entirely from conventional banking system to Islamic one as for different technical issues, leads the existent banks to start dual banking system. Bank of Khyber is the first Bank of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa operating as dual banking, i.e. Conventional as well as Interest free banking. This study focuses on analysis of dual banking system of bank of KHYBER in order to know the extent of conformity with shariah standards along with highlighting the earlier efforts of it towards Islamization.  

Non Governmental Organizations in Pakistan: A Study in the Legitimacy and Accountability Dimension

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Pakistan have historically been a source of support to people in multiple sectors, like community development, disaster relief, poverty alleviation, democracy and human rights advocacy etc. However, in past three decades, foreign funding glut and national security situation of the country has brought this sector under greater public scrutiny and scepticism. Media reports have created doubts in the minds of people about their nature of work and rational fortheir engagement in governance issues There are wide spread concerns on the creation, existence, accountability and the legitimacy of the NGO sector. Consequently, NGOs find themselves under tremendous pressure for performance showing measurable outcomes of their public engagements. Some NGOs in Pakistan have fat budgets and are favourites for national and international grants, while others have to struggle to survive government regulation and public antagonism. Pakistani academics have generally overlooked this sector in research. Resultantly, less is known about the relevance of this sector to the national polity and its scope in the contemporary democratic dispensation. In contemporary governance, NGOs are wielding influence in many aspects of public policy and are a powerful player in national and global affairs of Pakistan. In some sectors, they have even taken the lead in policymaking. Their unprecedented rise is weakening the institution of state which previously followed a very rigid governing model. Such increasing role in political power is leading them to face scrutiny and pressure to exhibit that they are legitimate actors and are accountable to someone, if at all. They face questions on their objectives, organizational structure and governance methods. While their existence has value for the Pakistani polity limited, attention has been paid towards the institutionalization of this sector. NGOs need legitimacy for their successful operation in any society. Their rational to exist should be accepted and approved by general public of a country. Pakistan does have few legal formalities to create and run a NGO. The regulation of NGOs is ensured through quiescent government departments and to an extent by the internal rules and procedures of NGOs. Since government is content on its laissez faire approach and a limited focus on implementation of its policies, there is need for a careful assessment of the existing milieu to discern if the organizations are functioning as visualized in their charters and national policies. There is also need to dissect the affairs of NGOs’ owners, donors, serviced communities, government agencies, and other stakeholders. It is in this context that this dissertation examines their relationships with government and people of Pakistan. It expounds the legitimacy and accountability of NGOs, because these have been an ambiguous concept for NGOs in Pakistan. The study has taken a mixed methods approach to observe the phenomenon of NGOs in Pakistan. Since NGO is a vast term, it focuses on the national NGOs, created in past three decades under a Social Welfare law of Pakistan. The research relies on the conceptual frameworks of Mark C. Suchman (legitimacy) and Alnoor Ebrahim (accountability), while making some modifications for its application in Pakistani context. At the same time it probes the development of these organizations in Pakistan, analyses regulations governing them, and suggests methods and techniques through which NGOs could become accountable and legitimate. It finds a number of deficiencies in both legitimacy and accountability dimensions and concludes that NGOs in Pakistan are neither accountable nor legitimate.