Delaying and Ignoring Trends in Marriages: A Critical Study in Hadith Context

Marriage is a preamble of human life. The human society builds its façade on the characteristics of this unit. Humanity has been granted with divine rules for a successful life. The latest version of divine rules are conveyed through Islam and presented by the Holy Prophet Muhammad of benefits everlasting and grand the declared Islam of history Early. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) these rules in all nooks and corners of life; as Qur’ān and Ḥadīth prominences the trend of in-time marriages to ensure the tangible merits of life. Qur’ān declares marriage as ‘God given relationship’, ‘order from God’, ‘A lawful manner’, ‘Firm covenant’, ‘Love and compassion’, ‘Chastity of life’, ‘Right of women and Sign of safety’ and along with it, as marriage emphasizes (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet the of traditions the depicting it a ‘Half of religion’, ‘Protection of eyes’, ‘Prevention of character from corruption’, ‘source of Devil’s desperation’ etc. Owing to this stress of in-time marriages, a Muslim society is not supposed to delay or ignore in time marriages. But in present era, the trend of delaying in making marriages or ignoring the importance of in-time marriages is observing everywhere. This delay in making in-time marriages of young generation shows the weaknesses of faith and confidence in life. It is also the cause of many physical diseases and mental disorders. It destroys the best capabilities and abilities of young force. This paper highlights the importance of timely marriages, strength of married-couple life and damages of late marriage so that the requisite of Islam to form the society on the desired shape may be fulfilled. Lastly, this article emphasizes the need to review/change the social behavior regarding late marriages it also emphasizes the need to review/change the social behavior regarding late marriages and a herald to initiate some sorts of laws for making in-time marriages in society so that prevailing damages due to late marriages can be curtailed.

Yield Forecasting of Wheat Triticum Aestivum L. for Different Irrigation and Nitrogen Levels Using Simulations and Satellite Imagery

Accurate and near real time wheat yield forecasting is important for policy makers and agricultural markets of Pakistan. Efficient and less labour intensive techniques of yield forecasting are required to support stakeholders. Wheat productivity depends upon irrigation water, fertilizer availability and rainfall in Pakistan. The per capita per annum water availability in Pakistan has reduced to less than 1000 m3 and is expected to reach severe scarcity level during next decade. Irrigating crops without measuring water and proper management practices is not a viable option anymore. The current study was conducted to address both above mentioned issues at Post-Graduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad for two years during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Reducing the amount of irrigation volume was expected to affect nitrogen availability. Therefore, response of varying levels of nitrogen was also studied for reduced volume of water per irrigation. There were four irrigation levels (control with 300 mm water for whole growing season, 80% of control, 60% of control and 40% of control) and four nitrogen levels (60,120,180 and 240 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement. Irrigation treatments were randomized in main plots while nitrogen was kept as sub-plot factor and each treatment was replicated thrice. A model for forecasting wheat yield before time of harvest was developed and volume of water per irrigation was also optimized based on field experiment data. The results revealed that reducing irrigation volume from control to 80% did not reduce crop yield significantly. The response of nitrogen for 80% of control irrigation volume was same as for control treatment. Maximum wheat grain yield (4916 kg ha-1) was obtained with control irrigation and 180 kg ha-1 nitrogen (4743 kg ha-1) and it was at par with 80% of control irrigation with 120 kg ha-1 nitrogen (4461 kg ha-1) and 180 kg ha-1 nitrogen (4743 kg ha-1). To optimize both factors, DSSAT-CERES-Wheat was calibrated and evaluated. CERES-wheat model predicted the optimum level as 250 mm volume of water with 160 kg ha-1 nitrogen for whole growing season of wheat. The response of grain yield to nitrogen for different irrigation levels was quadratic. Quadratic equations predicted 240 to 242 mm water and 185 to 187 kg ha-1 nitrogen as optimum for whole growing season of wheat. The same experimental data was used for developing yield forecasting model of wheat before the time of harvest from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Three satellites (QuickBird, Pleiades and GeoEye-1) and handheld Green Seeker were used to calculate NDVI. Random Forest was used to for modeling using grain yield as dependent variable while weather elements, irrigation, nitrogen and NDVI as independent variables. DSSAT-CERES-Wheat, calibrated on experimental data of 2012-13 was also used to forecast yield for 2013-14. The mean error percentage of grain yield prediction was less than 10% and 17.1% for remote sensing and CERES-Wheat, respectively. Random forest was further used to forecast yield of different districts of Punjab and Punjab province using MODIS NDVI and weather elements as independent variables in eight different ways. RMSE of the forecast results of the whole Punjab Province was 147.7 kg ha-1 and 148.7 kg ha-1 with mean error less than 5% using average and generic random forests, respectively. Forecasts of individual districts showed R2 of 0.95 with RMSE of 175.6 kg ha-1 and mean error of 5.86%. It is concluded from the study that reducing irrigation volume by 20% has no significant effect on grain yield of wheat and was helpful to save water. Near real time wheat yield forecasting using satellite imagery and crop models would be helpful for policy makers and stakeholders. Remote sensing using NDVI with random forest methodology and DSSAT-CERES-Wheat were good tools to predict wheat yield and both could be used in Pakistan.