تعلیم نسواں
علم جہاں پہنچتا ہے اندھیرے سے نکال کر روشنی میں لے جاتا ہے ،ظلمت سے ضیاء کی طرف روانگی ہو جاتی ہے، جہالت سے شعور وآگہی کا سفر شروع ہو جاتا ہے۔ علم ایک ایسی دولت ہے جو انسان کواوجِ ثرّیا تک پہنچا دیتی ہے۔ علم ایک ایسازینہ ہے جس سے معرفتِ الٰہی کے محل کی طرف رسائی ممکن ہے۔ علم کے زیور سے مرصعّ شخص معاشرے کے ماتھے کا جھومر ہوتے ہیں۔ علم کی حقیقتوں سے آشنائی ایک عظمت ہے اس طرح عورت علم کے زیور سے مزیّن ہوگی تو معاشرہ سنور جائے گا۔
مردوں کی بھی تعلیم ضروری تو ہے مگر
پڑھ جائے جو خاتون تو نسلیں سنوار دے
تعلیم نسواں سے مراد عورتوں کی تعلیم ہے۔ مردوں کی طرح عورتوں کے لیے بھی حصول علم بہت ضروری ہے۔ عورت اور مرد زندگی کی گاڑی کے دو پہیے ہیں۔ ان دونوں پہیوں کا صحیح ہونا بہت ضروری ہے۔ ورنہ زندگی کی گاڑی ٹھیک طرح سے چل نہ سکے گی۔ کوئی قوم اس وقت تک ترقی نہیں کرسکتی جب تک اس قوم کی عورتیں زیورِ تعلیم سے آراستہ نہ ہوں۔
نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلمکا ارشاد ہے کہ’’ علم حاصل کرنا ہر مسلمان مرد اور عورت پر فرض ہے۔‘‘ اس حدیث مبارکہ سے مرد اور عورت دونوں کی خاطر علم کی اہمیت واضح ہوتی ہے۔ آپ صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلمنے اپنی تعلیمات سے آگاہی کے لیے عورتوں کے لیے بھی ہفتے میں ایک دن مقرر کیا تھا۔ اس کے علاوہ ازواجِ مطہرات بھی عورتوں کو دین کی باتیں سکھایا کرتی تھیں۔ دانائوں کا قول ہے کہ’’ ایک مردکی تعلیم ایک فردکی تعلیم ہے، جبکہ ایک عورت کی تعلیم ایک خاندان کی تعلیم ہے‘‘ عورت کی آغوش ہی بچے کی پہلی درسگاہ ہے۔ یہ جو کچھ اپنی ماں...
It has been said that exogamous marriages tend to lead to language shift (Igboanus & Wolf, 2009 & Dumanig, David & Shanmuganathan, 2013). In an early study Gal (1978) found that Hungarian women marrying German men in the city of Oberwat had shifted to German to negate their peasant Hungarian ancestry and to move up the socio-economic ladder. Similarly, David and Dealwis (2011) found in their study of Malaysian Sindhi Hindus that exogamous marriages tend to lead to language shift but is not the only reason for the shift away from the heritage language. Therefore, before mixed marriages take place one should study perceptions of the speech community towards such marriages. In this exploratory study, the perceptions of Sindhi Muslims-men and women and from different socio-economic groups towards exogamous marriages are studied. With this objective, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten Sindhi Muslim participants (four male adults and six female adults) who live in Karachi. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and themes were generated after formal consent was obtained. The findings show that language choice in the home domain is shifting because of intercultural marriages. Also, such marriages are frequent among Sindhi community members with a high socio-economic status who live in cities. Gender plays an equal role too, as the women respondents showed mixed responses towards exogamous marriages while the male respondents had a more positive perception. Such views and perceptions may affect choice of marital partners and language choice in the home domain.
To examine whether salicylic acid (SA) can mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress on vegetative and reproductive development in sunflower, a greenhouse experiment was conducted. The treatments consisted of two sunflower lines (Hysun-33 and SF-187), two salt levels (0 mM and 120 mM NaCl), three doses of salicylic acid (0, 100, 200, and 300 mgL -1 ) and four replicates arranged in a completely randomized design. Varying NaCl levels were raised at day 19 and SA was applied foliarly at day 24 after sowing. The growth and development of the sunflower lines was significantly affected under salinity stress. However, foliar spray of 200 mg L -1 of SA resulted in improved growth and achene yield. In addition, salt-induced reduction in achene yield and improvement in achene yield with SA application in both sunflower lines was found to be attributable to alteration in the size of both achene and capitulum. Photosynthetic rate of both lines increased due to foliar applied SA both under normal and salt regimes, specifically in line SF-187. Moreover, net CO 2 assimilation rate was enhanced by 200 mg L -1 SA applied exogenously under salt treatment, which was positively associated with SA-induced increase in growth and yield. However, SA-induced changes in photosynthesis were not associated with stomatal conductance, but partially associated with photosynthetic pigments. Salt stress up-regulated the activities of leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in both sunflower lines. The SOD and POD activities were further improved both in stressed and non-stressed plants due to applied 1SA. However, the activity of leaf CAT was found to be unaffected due to SA applied exogenously. specifically being prominent in SF-187. In addition, SA-induced improvement in growth and photosynthetic performance in both lines was probably due to up-regulation in peroxidase activity caused by SA. Exogenously applied SA restricted the sunflower lines to absorb higher quantity of Na + in their leaf tissues under saline conditions. The foliar applied SA induced both sunflower lines to absorb higher quantity of Ca 2+ in their leaves and roots, notwithstanding, K + accumulation remained almost un- affected under salt stress. In addition, SA application also caused accumulation of high amount of proline by the plants of both sunflower lines grown under saline substrate. Salt stress considerably reduced both achene oil quantity and quality of both sunflower lines. Contrarily, foliar applied SA caused improvement in achene oil percentage as well as quality of achene oil in terms of linolenic acid in both sunflower lines. Exogenous application of SA did not alter palmitic acid, stearic acid or oleic acid. Overall, salt tolerance in sunflower could be improved by foliar application of SA.