سیٹھ ابراہیم مہتمم مدرسہ عمر آباد
عمرآباد مدراس میں حاجی عمر (روشن کمپنی) کا خاندان ایک خاص حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔ حاجی صاحب امرتسر کے علمائے غزنویہ کے فیض سے مستفیض اور توحید و سنت کے متبع تھے، کامیاب تاجر تھے، اپنے ہی نام سے شمالی آرکاٹ میں ایک زمین خرید کر عمرآباد نام کا ایک مقام آباد کیا تھا اور وہاں ایک بڑے عربی مدرسہ دارالسلام کی بنیاد رکھی تھی، چندسال ہوئے کہ انہوں نے وفات پائی اور تیں صالح اولادیں اپنی یادگار چھوڑیں، اسماعیل، ابراہیم اور اسحاق، سب سے بڑے اسماعیل تو کاروبار کے نگراں ہیں اور ابراہیم نے جو منجھلے تھے مدرسہ کی دیکھ بھال، اس کے قیام و ترقی کو اپنی زندگی کا مقصد قرار دیا تھا، ابھی پچھلے سال جوہری طنطاوی کی تفسیر کا اردو ترجمہ ایک ہزار روپے کے صرف سے مطبع معارف میں چھپوایا تھا، مدرسہ کے لئے کتب خانہ تنہا اپنی ذات سے کتابیں خرید کر فراہم کیا تھا، اس کے لئے ایک عمارت بھی بنوائی تھی، افسوس کہ یہ پھول کھلنے سے پہلے ہی مرجھا گیا، یعنی ۳۰؍ رجب ۱۳۵۷ھ کو اس دنیائے ناپائیدار کو الوداع کہا، رحمہ اﷲ تعالیٰ۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۳۸ء)
The humanity witnesses a strange international phenomenon called
the Globalization which endeavors to make an intellectual
unification in the sphere of norms — education, social, economic
and politics. 77m carries a strong challenge for the Muslim societies
across the world. Through a focus on the educational, cultural,
economical and politiiclal spheres and to employ the devices of
communication
— media and the internet. The world has shrunk
into a small village which is diminishing the geographical,
historical, political and educational boundaries. The world is
undergoing the transition in materialistic and educational values
and principles which are not accorded as per the Islamic values.
Through media and interactive modes of communication. Hence, it
becomes necessary to examine all aspects of this subject to be on a
firm position of this transformation to preserve and safeguard our
Muslim identity. In this context, the concept of globalization by
Muslim and western scholars and its impact on globalization are
discussed along with some proposals in order to cope with the
negative effects of globalization in the Muslim societies.
This study examines the dominant elements of Transitivity (Ideational meaning), and the lexical features of Samuel Beckett’s dramatic texts with special reference to Waiting for Godot, Endgame, Happy Days, All That Fall, and Krapp’s Last Tape. The significance of the linguistic features of these texts has also been explored. The study also attempts to investigate the conformity of linguistic interpretation with the Existential interpretations of Waiting for Godot. The analysis of data was conducted by using computational tools like UAMCT, MAT, SUAS and AntConc. However, UAMCT was used as the main tool and the rest of the tools were just used to ensure validity of results and to supplement some areas of analysis which were deficient in UAMCT. The study has found that Beckett’s dramatic texts have a considerable amount of Material processes going on in the world of the plays but these processes are less directed to a Goal and are even agentless too. The processes are also not spatially and temporally situated. The linguistic analysis reveals that his dramatic texts are a linguistic paradox; lexically simple but structurally complex. The linguistic features of Waiting for Godot establish certain themes like, ‘Alienation’, Directionlessnes’, ‘Ambivalence’, ‘Nothingness’, ‘Existence’, ‘Skepticism’, ‘Boredom’, and ‘Pessimism’. These themes conform to the Existential interpretations of Waiting for Godot. We find a linguistic spontaneity of Existential themes in the play. In a nutshell, Beckett has not narrated the predicament of Existence but made it happen linguistically in Waiting for Godot. The study finds that Endgame, Happy Days, All That Fall, and Krapp’s Last Tape also exhibit similar syntactic and lexical features as that of Waiting for Godot. It has also been found out, as a result of this study, that Waiting for Godotand the other four plays of Beckett (Endgame, Happy Days, All That Fall, and Krapp’s Last Tape) have communicative qualities of an extempore interactive oral text. Beckett’s plays also have some qualities of a narrative text. It is due to these qualities that the plays are able to make a mark on the minds of their readers. The present report consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 describes the scope and nature of the study by providing introduction to Beckett, Waiting for Godot and Existential context of Beckett. This chapter gives a detailed background of the problem, states the problem, aims of the study, research questions, significance, methodology and limitations of the study. Chapter 2 presents the survey of the related literature in the areas of SFL, application of linguistic theory to the study of literary text, application of computational tools to the study of literary and nonliterary texts. Chapter 3 encompasses the procedures and methods of data collection and analysis. Chapter 4 presents a detailed analysis and interpretation of the texts of Waiting for Godot, Endgame, Happy Days, All That Fall, and Krapp’s Last Tape. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes the results produced through data analysis and interpretation in Chapter 4. Discussion, implications and conclusion of the results of the present study are also given in the same chapter.