فقہ اسلامی میں قسامت کا تصور

Islam lays great emphasis on security and the sanctity of human life. The holy Quran terms killing of an innocent person as killing of the whole humanity. It prohibits unjust killing of human being in unequivocal terms. The holy Qur’an and Sunnah terms killing of an innocent person as one of the greatest sins. An eternal torment is the destiny of a killer who takes life of a person unjustly. However, it is also a bitter fact that hardly   a crime free society could be found   anywhere in the world. Peace prevails only in those societies where culprits are brought to justice. This is why Islamic penal code has prescribed punishments for all kinds of crimes. It has prescribed punishment of Qisâs in case of intentional murder and Diyat (blood money in case of killing of a person by mistake, it is also due in case if remission is made by the heirs in intentional murder case). To prove the crime of murder, testimony of two reliable witnesses or confession of the killer is required before the court. However, if a corpse is found in a place where killer is unknown and witnesses are unavailable,    then Islam enjoins the process of Qasâmah to safeguard rights of the heirs of the deceased. Qasâmah is a process of taking oath by fifty persons selected by the heirs of the slain. In this article the concept of Qasâmah has been elaborated. It  has three parts , in the  first part conditions for the validity of  Qasâmah has been elaborated, while in the second part its process has been discussed with elaborate opinions  of jurists  regarding taking of  oath, as some of them opine that  the  heirs of the slain  have to take oath, mentioning name of the killer,   while others say  oath will be taken by the defendants that they  didn’t kill him, Both these opinions  have been discussed by producing arguments of  the both sides. While in the third part the issue of Qisâs and Diyat has been discussed as according to some jurists the Qasâmah entails Qisâs while other say that it entails Diyat only; arguments of both sides have been discussed in detail.

Ripple Free Torque Operation in Switched Reluctance Motors

This thesis investigates the control of current and torque at different speed of the switched reluctance motor observing the motor constructional properties, mathematical model equations, operating principle and power converter topologies. The switched reluctance motor has gained popularity in industry with the fact that it is simple to construct and suitable for harsh environment. The electromechanical energy conversion is produced from rather simple machine design than as it is done in conventional motors. The other advantages are its rugged construction, low maintenance cost, and ability to operate over a wide speed range at constant power. The merits of switched reluctance motors are marred by the requirement of expensive control and its innate torque ripple issue, which is also a cause of vibration and acoustic noise. Torque ripple is produced from successive excitation of phase currents. The current through phase windings produces magnetic force with tangential and radial components where former component contributes to the average torque production and the latter is the major cause of vibration and acoustic noise in switched reluctance motors. Torque ripple reduction leads to smooth operation, thus it also improves the vibration and acoustic noise. This reduction can be achieved either through better machine design or with superior control techniques. Better machine design involves basic design parameters like number of stator poles, rotor poles and also their shape which is generally determined using detailed magnetic analysis. In this piece of work literature review of both approaches is included but the latter current control approach is adopted for detailed research. This thesis also discusses the split stator winding technique to improve reduction in torque ripple. This is unique strategy to introduce a compensation torque and remarkable reduction in torque ripple. This technique requires the slight change in shape of stator. This technique has ability to eliminate the negative torque generation and also the starting problem in switched reluctance motors. The control techniques deal with the electronic part of complete drive systems. The torque and current are directly related to each other, so the torque control can be implied by current control methods. This dissertation discusses the new current control technique with efficient bipolar power converter for torque ripple mitigation control. This piece of work also elaborates the new unique strategy of split stator winding for torque ripple reduction. In this thesis motor mathematical model is simulated using new control strategy along with two power converter topologies, conventional asymmetric half bridge converter and proposed symmetric full bridge converter. In addition split stator winding technique is simulated with suggested bipolar drive to show the improvement in ripple reduction. The experimental setup is also included in this thesis, where specific motor is operated using complete drive system. The design and implementation of this drive system is discussed in detail. This drive system is capable to perform both conventional and bipolar operations. At the end, practical results and simulated results are acquired and compared. The effect of excitation and de-excitation angles on torque production is observed and simulated. Torque and current relationship is observed to conclude which drive is suitable for smooth torque operation and have better current control at different speeds. The apparent cost difference is also analyzed and it is found that full bridge drive is more suitable for general purpose solution in industry with bearable increase in cost.