مولانا حکیم برکات احمد صاحب بہاری ٹونکی
پچھلے مہینہ ایک اور فاضل زمانہ نے اپنی جگہ خالی کردی، یکم ربیع الاول ۱۳۴۷ھ کو استاد الوقت مولانا حکیم برکات احمد صاحب بہاری ٹونکی نے وفات پائی، مرحوم اس عہد کے ان یگانہ اساتذہ میں تھے، جن کے حلقہ درس نے سینکڑوں کاملین فن پیدا کئے، جناب عبداﷲ صاحب ٹونکی کی طرح مرحوم کا خاندان بھی بہار سے ٹونک جاکر آباد ہوا تھا، یہ پندہ برس مولانا عبدالحق خیرآبادی کی صحبت میں رہ کر علوم عقلیہ و حکمیہ میں سرآمد روزگار بنے تھے، ساتھ ہی علم حدیث اور علوم دینیہ کا فیض قاضی محمد ایوب بھوپال سے حاصل کیا تھا، والی ٹونک انکی پوری قدر دانی فرماتے تھے اور ان کو اپنی ریاست کا فخر سمجھتے تھے، دور دور سے طلبہ آکر ان کے حلقۂ تعلیم میں شریک ہوتے تھے اور کامیاب ہوکر واپس جاتے تھے، افسوس کہ یہ سرچشمۂ فیض ہمیشہ کے لئے خشک ہوگیا، ’’رحمۃ اﷲ وبرکاتہ‘‘ ۱۳۴۷ھ تاریخ وفات جس نے نکالی ہے اس پر بھی خدا کی رحمت، رحمۃ اﷲ وبرکاتہ علیہ۔
مرحوم کی بعض فلسفیانہ تصنیفات شائع ہوئی ہیں، مشہور تصانیف حسب ذیل ہیں:
انہارؔ اربعہ تصوف میں، القولؔ الضابط فی تحقیق الوجود الرابط، امامؔ الکلام فی تحقیق الاجسام، فلسفہ میں، حاشیہ برحاشیہ خیر آبادی، برحاشیہ شرح مواقف کلام میں، حاشیہ برجامع ترمذی، حدیث میں، مرحوم نہ صرف اپنے علم و فضل میں، بلکہ اپنے محاسن اخلاق میں بھی پرانے بزرگوں کی شان رکھتے تھے، کتب بینی کا یہ عالم تھا کہ وہ رات بھی جس میں ان کی وفات ہوئی مطالعہ سے ناغہ نہ گئی، نوجوان دنیا ان بوڑھے بزرگوں کی مثال پیدا نہ کرسکے گی۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی،ستمبر ۱۹۲۸ء)
Macro approach in the national education is both organization empowering and education process. Education excuting organization has coverage and autonomous that it can accommodate society need in every situation. The education process is carried out openly to inlarge inputs from society. The education process is carried out by instilling a sense of excellence to face global challenges, while at the same time trying to make educational institutions the center of civilization. All that requires educational innovation that focuses on curriculum renewal, teaching materials, evaluation systems, building repairs and construction, etc. Teachers as education personnel have a central role in administering an education system. By becoming a teacher, someone expects to be able to obtain adequate compensation for the necessities of life. In motivation theory, the provision of appropriate rewards and punishments, can affect the performance and quality of work.
The current study was conducted to determine the effects of balance use of fertilization particularly nitrogen with or without biostimulant on Carbohydrate-Nitrogenratio (C:N) and photosynthesis and then effect of both on production and quality of fruits. Three different experiments were planned and executed. In the first experiment, different nitrogen doses (1200, 900 and 600 g) along with humic acid (HA) (120 ml of 8% solution) per plant were applied in three installments and these plants were compared with control plants (receiving 1200 g N in two installments) for vegetative and reproductive growth. Application of 900 g N per tree with 120 ml HA was found the best regarding the increase in photosynthesis (4.47) and low C:N ratio (4.78) of plant at fruit setting stage which improved the yield (956 fruit/plant) and other quality related parameter of ‘Kinnow’. Maximum TSS (12.20 oBrix), ascorbic acid (44.96 mg/100g), total sugars (13.69%), reducing sugars (5.44%), non-reducing sugars (7.57%), phenolic compounds (398.55 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidants (90.13 Ic μg/L) were also recorded in the fruit of this treatment. This treatment had also effect on plant growth with an increase of 20.64 cm in plant height and 37.25 cm3 in canopy volume. In second experiment three concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (AA) were used for the optimization of best dose. The results elucidated stimulating effects of SA (6 mM) and AA (120 ppm) on photosynthesis and nitrogen use and decreased the C:N ratio of the plants. These effects indicate maximum utilization of carbohydrates in growth and development of the plant. Plants treated with SA (6 mM) showed higher values of biochemical parameters of ‘Kinnow’ fruits such as TSS (12.00 oBrix), ascorbic acid (46.51 mg/100g), fructose (2.95%), glucose (2.85%), sucrose (7.90%), phenolic compounds (360.42 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidants (89.55 (Ic μg/L). Application of AA (120 ppm) improved ascorbic acid (46.51 mg/100g), reducing sugars (4.23%), non-reducing sugars (8.50%), antioxidants (87.63 μg/L) and phenolic compounds (365.24 mg GAE/100 g) in fruit. Plant growth was significantly affected by the above mentioned treatment of SA (6 mM) with an increase of 22.46 cm in plant height and 23.45 cm3 increase in canopy volume. In third experiment combined effect of N, SA and AA was in confirmation with the previous results of photosynthesis, C:N ratio and productivity of the plant. Plants treated with combined dose of SA, AA and N showed higher biochemical parameters of ‘Kinnow’ fruits such as TSS (12.20 oBrix), ascorbic acid (54.64 mg/100g), total sugars (14.30%), reducing sugars (1.81%), non-reducing 2 sugars (12.49%). Maximum total phenolic compounds (394.58 mg GAE/100 g) were also noted in the fruit of this treatment. Effect of this treatment was depicted with an increase of 24.85 cm in plant height, 2.34 cm in stem girth and 35.65 cm3 in canopy volume. Correlation between fruit yield and biochemical/physiological parameters showed significant effect on fruit yield. Correlation was found significant between C:N ratio and physiological parameters, such as photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration in plants. All these physiological process have direct or indirect relation with fruit production. The yield potential of a plant can be measured directly from total number of fruit per plant, however in this study involvement of photosynthetic activities in relation to C:N ratio at different growth stages of plant could be proved a good predictor of fruit yield. Conclusively, application of 900 g N per tree and 120ml HA in equal three splits (before flowering, fruit setting and fruit maturation) along with recommended doses phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) (600 and 600g) per tree can be used effectively to build synergistic photosynthetic and C:N ratio to improve the leaf nutrient status, fruit yield and quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin.