خلیج نغمہ
غروب آفتاب کے بعد ہم بس میں سوار ہوئے تو رہبر نے عربی زبان میں اعلان کیا کہ اب ہم خلیج نغمہ جائیں گے ۔کچھ دیر کی مسافت کے بعد ہم خلیج نغمہ کے ایک پر رونق بازار میں تھے ۔خلیج سویز کے کنارے آباد اس خوبصورت قصبے میں عیش و نشاط کے سارے سامان میسر تھے ۔یہاں کسینو ،مساج سنٹراور شراب خانوں کے ساتھ ساتھ ایسے متعدد ہوٹل بھی ہیں جہاں حلال خوراک اور سمندری غذائوں پر مشتمل کھانے دستیاب ہیں ۔ ہوٹلوں کے کارکن گاہکوں کو اپنی طرف راغب کر نے کے نت نئے طریقے اور سلیقے اپنائے ہوئے تھے ۔دکانیں فرعونی تہذیب سے منسلک اشیا ء میں فرعونی مجسموں کی بھرمار تھی ۔قلو پطرہ اور نفرتیتی کے مجسمے کچھ زیادہ ہی تعداد میں تھے جبکہ ابوالھول کے مجسمے تو چوراہوں میں بھی لگے تھے ۔ابوالھول اور قلو پطرہ کے ناموں سے مجھے واقفیت تھی مگر نفرتیتی میرے لیے بالکل نیا نام تھا ۔دکتور محمد علی کہ نفرتیتی فرعون بادشاہ اخناتون کی بیو ی تھی جو بہت حسین و جمیل اور امورِ حکمرانی کا فہم رکھنے والی خاتون تھی ۔مذہب کے حوالے سے بھی اس کی شہرت باقی فرعونی ملکائوں سے مختلف ہے ۔ اخناتون نے جب مذہب تبدیل کیا اور آمون کے خدائوںسے انکار کر کے خدائے یکتا پر ایمان کا اعلان کیا تونفرتیتی نے بھی ان کا بھرپور ساتھ دیا۔تاریخ نفرتیتی کی خوبصورتی کے ساتھ ساتھ اس کے ایک اورعمل سے بھی پردہ اٹھاتی ہے ۔کہا جاتا ہے کہ چشمِ غزال اور دلکش خدو خال رکھنے والی نفرتیتی جنسی عمل میں نت نئے انداز اپنانے کے لیے بھی شہرت رکھتی تھی ۔فرعونیات کے ماہرین کے مطابق دنیا میں ’’اور ل سیکس ‘‘دہن لذتی کی ابتدا ء اس خاتون سے ثابت ہے ۔کہا جاتا ہے کہ اس کے حنوط...
This paper would like to descripte the characteristics of learning that focused on the learners, the benefits, the weaknesses and the steps of its use to achieve the goal of learning Arabic. Learning model is an important part which is understood by every Arabic teacher to be able to present the condition of learning that is always fun for learners. An effective model for learning in Arabic is the learning model that concentrated to student. The use of this learning model is believed to be able to improve the four competencies of Arabic learners, namely the ability to speak, write, read and hear. For this reason, an Arabic teacher must understand the various variants of an effective learning model which centered on the learning potential of students in order to present the materials in an enjoyable. Therefore, it is important for any Arabic teacher to change the teacher-centered paradigm which is conventional teaching towards a modern learning paradigm which centered to the creative ability of students during the Arab learning proccess. The use of learning models which focused to learners in Arabic learning should be supported by teacher innovation that can empower learners to be active during learning. In addition, the teacher seeks to construct the latest Arabic material by utilizing the technology media relevant to the progress of the global education world, especially in learning Arabic as the language of the Islamic world and religious language.
Accurate and timely information of crop area and its production plays an important role to summarize the upcoming situation of market supply and demand. It also provides the foundation to policy makers, stakeholders, government planners and agribusiness community for ideal management of their interests. Remote sensing provides the information about discrete time instant event over a larger area while crop models explain continuous crop growth status on daily basis as function of weather, soil and management. This study was planned with the objective to estimate the area under wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation in Faisalabad district using satellite data and estimate its grain yield by assimilating the remotely sensed information into the CERES-Wheat model under spatiotemporal heterogenous conditions and variable management practices. Before applying the crop model at regional scale, it was calibrated using a field experimental data. In this experiment, three wheat cultivars (Punjab-2011, Aas-2011 and Galaxy-2013) were grown under six levels of deficit irrigation. The experiment was conducted with three replications under strip plot arrangement. Results of experiment proved that stem elongation stage is the least sensitive to drought, and grain formation stage of wheat crop is more sensitive to drought as compared to booting and stem elongation stages. Same grain yield can be achieved by applying 75% of irrigation compared to farmer irrigation practice. Wheat cultivars Punjab-2011 and Galaxy-2013 produced significantly more grain yield than wheat cultivar Aas-2011 and both cultivars are statistically at par to each other. CERES-Wheat model was calibrated and validated using data of field experiment to simulate the crop growth parameters and soil water balance. Model performed very well and simulated results were close to the observed data. Landsat based temporal satellite images were used to estimate the area under wheat cultivation and water index of crop during the crop growth period. Green (G), red (R), near infrared (NIR), shortwave infrared 1 (SWIR1) and shortwave infrared 2 (SWIR2) bands, and NDVI and NDWI indices of both satellites landsat7 and landsat8 were used to develop the metrics (minimum, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, maximum and mean). Median NDWI derived from landsat based temporal images were used to quantify the applied volume of irrigation in wheat cultivated area of Faisalabad district. Calibrated crop model was used to simulate the wheat growth and estimate the wheat yield. Estimated wheat yield by crop model is 5% lower than the estimate of Crop Reporting Service (CRS), Punjab. It shows that assimilation of remotely sensed information into a crop model can be used to estimate the wheat productivity with good accuracy.