بالوں کو سنوارنے سے متعلق شرعی احکامات

Allāh Almighty has concentrated most of the physical beauty of the human beings in the upper part of the human body, i. E., the face and what surrounds the face. Here is displayed the important features of human beauty. Hair on head adds beauty to a person’s countenance. Especially, long, thick, silky & shiny hair is always preferred by females. But it required to be kept clean, tidy and properly combed. Unfortunately, often, it seems that the women, who wear “Ḥijāb”, do not bother to maintain their hair in a proper manner. Since, it is out of sight, so is out of mind, but, it does not mean that since if hair is not visible, they should neglect it. Sometimes, improper keeping of hair creates a lot of problems like lice, itching, dandruff, hair fall, etc. Therefore, cleanliness is the most important element for the health of hair and Islām also recommends the same. Most of the time, people adopt different methods and products for hairstyling, such as branded shampoo, extensions, transplantation of hair, dyeing, trimming of hair, etc. But, people need to know the Islamic ruling of beatification, so that they may not indulge in something, which is not allowed in the Islamic law. Therefore, the author of this paper, chose this topic to explore and hence, guide the people, especially, the women, the methods and types of products that are allowed for them to use and adopt, and the others ones that are forbidden or undesirable, according to Islamic law of beautification.

Search for the Associated Production of a Z Boson With a Single Top Quark Using Cms Data at 18 Tev and 13 Tev and Performance Studies of Cms Silicon Tracker

The cross section measurements of a single top quark in association with a Z boson using proton-proton collision data collected by CMS experiment are reported in this thesis. The measurements are performed by analyzing integrated luminosities of 19.7 fb1 and 35.9 fb1 which were collected at 8 TeV and 13 TeV. The measurement are performed within the standard model framework where top quark is produced via the t-channel process. The measurements in three lepton final state, where the W boson from the top quark and the Z boson decay into either electrons or muons, resulting in four possible lepton combinations namely eee, eeµ, µµe, µµµ, are discussed. The final state electrons or muons can also come from from leptonic ⌧ decays, as they are not specifically excluded. The main sources of background to the tZq process are t¯ t production, diboson production (WZ, ZZ), ttV (V = W or Z) and Drell-Yan (DY) production. A simple cut and count technique is used for the cross section measurement. For theps = 8 TeV measurement, a one bin likelihood fit is performed to event yields in each four lepton channels and to the combined channel. The cross section for the combined channel is measured to be (t`+`q) = 18+11 9 (stat)+4 4(syst) fb, where ` stands for electrons, muons and ⌧ leptons, with an observed (expected) significance of 1.81 (0.81) standard deviations. The measured value is compatible with the NLO standard model prediction of 8.2 fb with a theoretical uncertainty of less than 10%. For the second cross section measurement at 13TeV, the signal is extracted by performing a simultaneous binned likelihood fit to yields in the signal and the background enriched control regions. The cross section for the combined channel is measured to be (t`+`q) = 156+47 42(stat)+40 34(syst) fb, which is compatible with the NLO standard model prediction of 94.2 ± 3.1 fb. The measurement is found to be in agreement with the standard model with an observed (expected) significance of 2.81(1.95) standard deviations.