جتہادی غلطیاں
۲۱ جولائی سن ۱۹۶۰ کے مقدمہ رشیدہ بیگم بنام شہاب الدین میں مغربی پاکستان ہائی کورٹ کے ایک رکن فاضل جج محمد شفیع صاحب نے مذکورہ مقدمہ کے فیصلے میں تعدد ازواج کے مسئلے پر سورہ النساء کی آیت نمبر ۳’’ وَاِنْ خِفْتُمْ اِلَّاّ ۔۔۔۔ ثَلَاثَ وَرُبَاعًا ‘‘ کے تحت اجتہاد کیا اگرچہ حضانت اور سرقہ کے بارے میں بھی اجتہاد کیا لیکن ہمارا مضمون تعدد ازواج کے بارے میں ہے لہذا اسی کو زیر بحث لاتے ہیں ۔اور مولانا مودودی کے جوابات ان اجتہادی غلطیوں کے بارے میں پیش کرتے ہیں ۔
پہلی غلطی: تعجب ہے کہ فاضل جج کو اپنے ان دونوں فقروں میں تضاد کیوں نہ محسوس ہوا ۔ پہلے فقرے میں جو اصولی بات انہوں نے خود فرمائی اس کی رو سے زیر بحث آیت کا کوئی لفظ زائد از ضرورت یا بے معنی نہیں ہے ۔ اب دیکھئے ! آیت کے الفاظ صاف بتا رہے ہیں کہ اس کے مخاطب افراد مسلمین ہیں ۔ ان سے کہا جا رہا ہے کہ ’’ اگر تمہیں اندیشہ ہو کہ یتیموں کے معاملے میں تم انصاف نہ کر سکوگے تو جو عورتیں تمہیں پسند آئیں ان سے نکاح کر لو دو دو سے ، تین تین سے اور چار چار سے ، لیکن اگر تمہیں اندیشہ ہو کہ اگر نہ کر سکوگے تو ایک ہی سہی ۔۔۔‘‘ ظاہر ہے کہ عورتوں کو پسند کرنا ، ان سے نکاح کر نا اور اپنی بیویوں سے عدل کرنا یا نہ کرنا افراد کا کام ہے نہ کہ پوری قوم یا سوسائٹی کا۔ لہٰذا باقی تمام فقرے بھی جو بصیغہ جمع مخاطب ارشاد ہوئے ہیں ، ان کا خطاب بھی لا محالہ افراد ہی سے ماننا پڑے گا ۔ اسی طرح یہ پوری آیت اول سے لے کر آخر تک دراصل افراد کو ان کی انفرادی...
Background and Objective: Aging is influenced by culture, individual experiences, and socio-demographic characteristics along with societal expectations. Cognitive functioning and activity level in geriatric population may alter their participation in daily life activities thus this study aims to explore the required physical and social activities for cognitive alertness among Pakistani Geriatric population.
Methodology: An observation based study of 169 aging individuals who performed on MoCA for cognitive functioning and interviewed on IPAQ for duration of physical activity in everyday life.
Results: It is an observational study, conducted among the geriatric population of different areas of Pakistan. A total number of 169 individuals participated out of which 59 % were males and 40 % were females with a majority of the population 74% falling between 65-75 years of age. It was found that 59% of the male and only 19% of the female had 22 score on MoCA for cognitive functioning and these individuals were practicing physical activities such as brisk walk for 3 days a week for more than 40 minutes and are involve at least once a week in social activities.
Conclusion: The research finding concluded that physical activities and social gathering both has impact on cognitive function of geriatric population to participate actively in daily activities.
Generation of electricity by wind energy is playing an important role to reduce environmental pollution; comparatively low cost with unlimited source of energy makes it more attractive. Present research work has been carried out considering these aspects which have serious negative impacts on environment and economy. This study presents mapping of wind speed over the province of Sindh (Pakistan) using spatial interpolation of wind speed data. Spatial distribution of monthly wind speed was found largely influenced by topography. It is to be noted that there is no research recorded relative to the interpolation methods in wind speed data of Sindh region. The purpose of this study is to predict the wind potential for meteorologically unobserved area of Sindh( Pakistan) to predict the feasibility of electricity generation. In the present research, for modeling nineteen different locations were selected. Four year wind speed data for Sindh, recorded by meteorological department of Pakistan, is used in this study. This study emphasized on deriving a gridded dataset of monthly wind speed from wind station observations with deeper analysis of the influence of topography on wind speed in Sindh. Three interpolation methods have been compared, that is Inverse Distance weighting (IDW), Radial Basis Function (RBF) and Residual Kriging (RK). A detailed study of relation between wind speed and different topographical factors, such as elevation, slope, latitude and longitude, it was revealed that, the correlation between latitude, longitude and wind speed is most appropriate. Regression model is used to remove the trend in spatial distribution of wind speed. The residuals are then interpolated onto a regular grid using, Kriging. Error analysis is performed by cross-validation. The residual Kriging procedure is found to be an excellent method compared to IDW or RBF methods, with RMSE error) and R 2 (root mean squared (correlation coefficient) values showing outstanding results. The Residual Kriging was chosen to interpolate the monthly wind speed in unobserved areas of Sindh. All the work has been done in GIS(Geographic information systems) and interpolation techniques . In order to test the applicability and benefit of the model, a case study has been discussed with three main issues, that is, the energy generation, environmental benefits and economical aspects.This research has provided a valuable information to decide best available interpolation method as well as most suitable site for wind farmind.