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Home > Seasonal Variation in Population Pattern of Freshwater Snails in Islamabnad, Pakistan

Seasonal Variation in Population Pattern of Freshwater Snails in Islamabnad, Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Sanatariq

Supervisor

Muhammad Asif Gondal

Department

Department of Biosciences

Program

BBS

Institute

COMSATS University Islamabad

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Biosciences

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676719749920

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٣۔ عساکر میں نعت کا ابتدائیہ اور افواجِ پاکستان کے نعت گو

عساکر میں نعت کا ابتدائیہ اور افواجِ پاکستان کے نعت گو

شاکر کنڈان(سرگودھا)

فوج اور نعت اگر چہ دو مختلف موضوعات ہیں لیکن یہ دونوں موضوع جابتداء سے ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ جڑے ہوئے ہیں ۔فوج کو ہم عسکریت سے منسلک کرتے ہیں اور عسکریت کو ہتھیاروں کے استعمال سے سے ۔

ماہرین ِلسانیات یا علمائے تاریخ کا کہنا ہے کہ پانچ ہزار سال قبل مسیح سے پہلے کی تاریخ ہماری معلومات سے اوجھل ہے لیکن انسانی وجود کو وہ کروڑوں سال پر محیط بتاتے ہیں ۔اگر اس مفروضے کو مان بھی لیا جائے تو پھر بھی ہمیں اسی دور سے تاریخ و تہذیب کے آغاز کوبھی تسلیم کرنا پڑے گا جو ہماری تاریخ ہمیں بتاتی ہے ۔میری سمجھ سے تو یہ بالا ہے کہ ہم مٖفروضوں کوسچ ماننے میں تو تاخیر نہیں کرتے لیکن سچ کا سامنا کرتے ہوئے ہماری جان جاتی ہے ۔

در اصل جومعلوم تاریخ ہمیں پانچ ہزار سال قبل مسیح ملتی ہے یہ وہ ہے جس کے بارے میں توریت ہماری رہنمائی کرتی ہے یا پھر قرآنِ مجید فرقانِ حمید ہمیں آگاہ فرماتا ہے ۔یہاں پانچ ہزار سال کو ماننے کے لئے تو ہم تیار ہیں لیکن اسلام کی دی ہوئی باقی آگاہی سے ہم آگاہ ہونا ہی نہیں چاہتے کیوں کہ ہمارے ذہنوں پر دوسروں کے علم کا بھوت اس حد تک سوار ہو چکا ہے کہ ہمیں اپنی ذات پر اعتماد ہی نہیں رہا ۔دوسروں کی لغویات کو ہم نے سچائی کے مقام پر فائز کر دیا اور اپنے حقائق کو تسلیم کرنے سے اس لئے قاصر رہے کہ ہم تحقیق سے پہلو تہی کرتے ہیں ۔

توریت کے بابِ پیدائش میں پہلا انسان حضرت آدم ؑ کو تسلیم کیا گیا ہے اور قرآنِ مجید...

Why Social Protection is Not Enough to Effectively Address Poverty Reduction in Pakistan

Pakistan is behind many other countries in the Asia region in reducing poverty. Dedicated poverty reduction Programmes so far were mainly done by NGOs using livelihood and microfinance approaches and since 2008 through the Benazir Income Support Programme’s cash transfer scheme. Recently, the office of the Prime Minister established Ehsaas Strategy which combines the various poverty reduction and social protection approaches in the country under one Programme. This paper argues that a stronger focus on effective income generating poverty reduction Programmes would be needed to make poverty reduction more successful.

Pakistan-Us Relations: A Critical Evaluation of Policy Options and Their Implications for the National Security of Pakistan

Pakistan-US relations evolved in the cold war perspective. Pakistan‟s economic and national security needs and United States‟ need of allies for containment of communism and strategic compulsions in South Asian Region forged their strategic relationship. Bilateral interests of both the countries defined their mutual relations as well as depth of these relations for a short or long term. Pakistan was in search of allies due to its fear or threat perception of India. For US, Pakistan became an ideological ally during expansion of communism as it was a common and the biggest threat after the Second World War to America. Pakistan-US relations have many dimensions in their historical perspective and are like travelling on a bumpy road marred with mistrust and disenchantment. However, it is interesting to study and analyse Pakistan-US bilateral relations so that some logical conclusions may be drawn for assessing theoretical basis and significance. There is no such study in the field which had analyzed the impact of fear and threat perception for guiding foreign policy behaviour of Pakistan and its implications for national security. Pakistan-US relations worked in traditional realist paradigm with neoclassical realist approach studying structural changes in South Asian Regional Security Complex as national security remained paramount consideration for Pakistan to maintain a balance of power with India. Economic and strategic insecurity perceived due to fears of Indian hegemony and threats to sovereignty and national security of Pakistan always led its decision-making. Security dilemma is applied to analyze proportionality and impact of fear or threat perception in international behaviour for maintaining balance of power. The study aims to establish a theoretical framework for state behaviour in fear and insecurity in anarchical perspective of international relations purely for national security and interests beneficial for other weaker states in their relationship with great powers. There is no permanence in state relations and domestic, regional and global dynamics shape the behaviour of states. The study reveals convergences and divergences in bilateral relations. Mutual interests dictated convergence and afterwards US never taken care of Pakistan whenever its interests were served leaving Pakistan in the lurch frustrated and disenchanted. Pakistan learnt lessons in international behaviour in realist paradigm where only interests matter as there are no permanent friends and foes.