اُن ؐ کا ہے پیغام آفاقی اور مخاطب سب انسان
یہ پیغام سکوں ہے دل کا اور دماغ کا اطمینان
جس کا جی چاہے آ بیٹھے ، رُوح و چشم کی بھوک مٹے
اُنؐ کی سخاوت افلاکی ہے ساری زمین ہے دستر خوان
اللہ اللہ کیسے تھے اصحابؓ کہ جب بھی ملتے تھے
اک دُوجے سے پوچھتے رہتے کیسا آپ کا ہے ایمان
جنگ میں بوڑھے ، عورتیں ، بچے ، کھیت تلک محفوظ رہیں
اپنے ماننے والوں کو تھا پیارے نبیؐ کا یہ فرمان
دھیان مدینے کا جب ہو تو رُوح بھی بھیگنے لگتی ہے
اک سرشاری چھا جاتی ہے ، جیسے اُترا ہو نروان
ربّ چاہے تو پھر حاضر ہوں روضۂ اقدس پر ہم بھی
لب پہ سلام کے نغمے ہوں اور ہاتھ میں نعتوں کا دیوان
نامِ خدا پر ملک بنا تھا ، نامِ خدا پر قائم ہے
گنبدِ خضرا دیکھ رہا ہے خاص نظر سے پاکستان
Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department if related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article recounts the intelligence systems and management of the resources of secret services of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) and, thereafter, the Muslims rulers. Furthermore, the principles derived from the era of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) regarding intelligence system have also been discussed in this chapter. The guiding principles that are still valid even today includes: (a) Training of Personnel Since espionage helps to strengthen the roots of a state and protect it from its enemies, therefore it requires a team of well trained professionals with latest technology and trends. Islam emphasized on two aspects of early warning, one is professional and the other is ethical.(b) Counter Espionage. An Islamic state must have an effective network of espionage to keep an eye on all the activities of the enemy. This is known as counter espionage. (c) Reconnaissance. This aims at the fore knowledge of the intentions of the enemy so that one can have a better planning in case of an attack. (d) Verification of Information. Information from an agent should be verified from other sources. An operative may feed false information due to lack of experience and competency and that may create an embarrassing situation. (e) Security of Information. Don’t share your secret, try to protect them. If national secrets are compromised they may cause an extensive damage to national interest. (f) Interrogation of POW. Whenever enemy spies or soldiers are arrested in a war they should be interrogated for extraction of information. They may be subjected to mental stress. (g) Fore Warning of the Enemy. This requires the launching of own agents in the enemy ranks for knowledge of their future plan likes attacks. (h)Treatment of Spies. If anyone is found to be guilty of spying for enemy, he may be penalized with death punishment.
Governance networks are emerging as a prominent feature of contemporary public administration where different actors are in a position to exert power on public organizations exposing them to conflicting demands. Moreover, public organizations are exposed to contradictory institutional pressures as they try to attend to numerous and sometimes-conflicting prescriptions from different reform models. Whilst, the presence of contradictory institutional logics is well recognized, how organizations cope with the challenge of contradictory institutional logics remains under researched. A largely prevailing argument is that organizations indecisively conform to institutional pressures where new logic replaces the prior one. This argument provides an over simplified explanation of this complex phenomenon because organizations may use diverse strategies (and at-times hybrid responses) to incorporate multiple logics at the same time. Responding to this literature gap, this study addresses how public organizations experience and manage institutional complexity in the contemporary network arrangements in the public sector. This study uses a multi-level framework for analyzing institutional complexity incorporating macro-level sectoral reforms that present contradictory logics to organizations; the meso-level network characteristics that shape the complexity for the embedded organizations; and micro-level organizational attributes that enable them to handle complexity by choosing appropriate strategies. The study adopts an abductive research approach using case study research design taking Pakistan’s energy sector as the case; power network as the embedded unit (within the energy sector) for network analysis; and two public sector utilities (LESCO and IESCO) as embedded units within power network for organizational analysis. iii The study finds that diverse reform trajectories have exposed the energy sector to three competing institutional logics including traditional public administration (TPA) logic, new public management (NPM) logic and new public governance (NPG) logic, exposing the public organizations to institutional complexity. Additionally, under NPM-based fragmentation and NPG-based integration reforms, there is drastic shift in energy sector from vertically integrated bureaucracies to a web of autonomous organizations working in governance networks. Three notable characteristics of the power network are fragmentation, centralization and trust, which play a critical role in shaping the complexity for embedded organizations. The study finds that the embedded organizations (LESCO and IESCO) have incorporated multiple and conflicting institutional prescriptions through the strategies of differentiated hybridity (where diverse logics are addressed separately) and blended hybridity (where logics are blended for new solutions). In this regard, the critical attributes of organizations, that can enable them to better handle institutional complexity, include their task, leadership and governance structure. The study supports the argument of institutional logics perspective that the organizations actively incorporate multiple institutional pressures by developing hybrid solutions. This study contributes to existing literature by providing an explanation of how organizations respond varyingly to institutional pressures while choosing appropriate strategies. Moreover, it captures the emergence, structure and characteristics of governance networks in contemporary public administration in developing countries. It also delineates policy implications for the energy sector crises in Pakistan from a governance point of view.