نجیب محفوظ کا انتقال
۳۰؍ اگست ۲۰۰۶ء کو مصر کے مشہور ادیب اور ناول نگار اور ادب کا نوبل انعام حاصل کرنے والے پہلے عرب مصنف نجیب محفوظ کا انتقال ہوگیا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
وہ ۱۱؍ دسمبر۱۹۱۱ء کو قاہرہ کے ایک متوسط گھرانے میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، اس وقت ان کا خاندان محلہ جمالیہ میں رہتا تھا، ۱۹۲۴ء میں یہاں کی سکونت ترک کر کے وہ نئے طرز کے محلہ عباسیہ میں منتقل ہوگیا جہاں ان کا بچپن اور شباب گزرا، چالیس برس کی عمر میں ان کی شادی ہوئی تو یہاں کا مکان بھی چھوڑ دیا۔
ان کے والد پر جوش وطن پرست تھے اور مصر کے قوم و وطن پرست لیڈروں سے والہانہ تعلق رکھتے تھے، نجیب محفوظ گو خاموش طبع اور شورش و ہنگامہ سے دور رہتے تھے لیکن مصری قوم پرستی کی تحریک کے ہم نوا تھے، ان کو اپنے شہر سے ایسی محبت تھی کہ اس کی گلیوں اور محلوں کے نام پر کئی ناول لکھے۔
ابتدائی مرحلے کی تعلیم مکاتب اور اسکولوں میں حاصل کرنے کے بعد جامعہ فواد (قاہرہ یونیورسٹی) میں داخل ہوئے اور ۱۹۳۴ء میں بی اے کی ڈگری لی، فلسفہ ان کا خاص مضمون تھا۔
نجیب محفوظ زمانہ طفولیت سے ہی مطالعہ کے شوقین تھے، شروع میں قصے کہانی کی کتابیں پڑھتے تھے، عمر کچھ زیادہ ہوئی تو تاریخی ناولوں سے شغف ہوا، پھر اپنے عہد کے مشاہیر مصنفین طہ حسین، عباس محمود عقاد، سلامہ موسیٰ، مازنی، حسن زیات، ہیکل اور توفیق الحکیم وغیرہ کی نگارشات ان کے مطالعہ میں آئیں اور یہ ان کے خیالات سے متاثر ہوئے، سلامہ بن موسی کا رنگ ان پر زیادہ چڑھا ہوا تھا، یہ ایک قبطی عیسائی ادیب تھا جو اپنی اباحیت پسندی کی وجہ سے مسلمانوں میں مبغوض تھا، سلامہ نے التربیۃ کے نام سے اپنے خودنوشت...
Since the past few years, muslims all over the world are being brutally accused of severe extremism. Many muslims now a days condemn terrorism and extremism and are not willing to connect these terms with the religion Islam. However there are a few who are in favour of these things. Terrorism is basically caused by a number of different acts of brutality. Its actually a chain reaction caused by the conspiracies against Islam, double standards of different super powers and injustice to the convicted and oppressed. Killings of the innocent and unarmed in the name of aggression is some thing which is totally against the Islamic teachings. Things become more complicated and dangerous when such acts of vandalism are done in the name of religion. Although many goals of ISIS are Islam based, however these very goals are achieved through non-Islamic ways. They feel no shame and go against all the ethics and moral values to reach their goals. Hence causing much more damage to their own muslim fellows. Even the cemetries are no more safe. They kill their opponents in the worst possible way and disrespect the dead bodies by kicking and hanging them to the trees. If this situation persists, it is inevitable that ISIS might replace the Halaku Khan and Genghiz Khan is brutality.
Persons with hearing loss have been seen, but the problems and frustration imposed by this loss in their lives have not been imagined. Only diagnosis of hearing loss and providing amplification is not enough to ensure the development of communication potentials of the hearing impaired children (HIC). Aural habilitation/rehabilitation services for children are the dire need of all those suffering from hearing loss, especially for those having severe and profound hearing loss. In Pakistan the rehabilitative plans merely cover speech therapy and special education services employing sign language and total communication as a medium of instruction. The efforts are not being focused on auditory development of the children, which is the base of all problems of HIC. Therefore, the researcher aimed to target this entirely neglected area of provision of aural rehabilitation services through a model in order to bring change in the lives of HIC in Pakistan. The objectives of the study were to collect data about current provisions of aural rehabilitation for hearing impaired children in Punjab, to develop a model of aural rehabilitation for deaf children in Pakistan, to develop a standardised tool to be used during experimentation and to validate the proposed model of aural rehabilitation via experimentation. The study carries immense significance from different angles in the context of the planning and management of educational cum rehabilitative plans of children with hearing loss. The model may serve as a guide to policy makers, administrators of special schools, speech therapists, teachers and parents. The design of the study was the pretest-posttest control group design. Sample groups were selected through random sampling technique. Data regarding current rehabilitation practices was obtained through questionnaires for teachers, speech therapists, audiologists, principals and parents of HIC. A framework of the proposed model was made with the help of logic model development guide and by incorporating the recommendations of the stakeholders obtained via questionnaires. Pakistani experts’ opinions were obtained through questionnaire for further modification required in the model. The model was validated through experimentation. A speech perception test was developed and its reliability and validity were established after conducting a pilot study. This test was used as the tool of experimentation i.e. to obtain the pretest and posttest scores of the HIC. The difference in mean speech perception scores of the control group and experimental group profound HIC at posttest level was significant at 0.01 level. It was concluded that aural rehabilitation is feasible as well as necessary for educational and vocational rehabilitation of HIC in Pakistan. Multidisciplinary approach in special schools to be served as preparatory schools for mainstreaming, provision of digital hearing aids from government, auditory training, integrated curriculum development, follow-up of IEP’s focusing on aural mode of communication, development of assessment tools in national and regional languages, efforts for screening and prevention of hearing loss and parental training cum involvement in planning and implementation of individual plans were considered as the necessary ingredients, to bring change in current educational cum aural rehabilitation programme of HIC in Punjab.