بین الریاستی تعلقات میں اسلام کا تصورِصلح

Foreign policy is one of the wheels with which process of international politics operates. It is not separate from the national policy. It is an important tool to relate the relations to other countries. Foreign policies consist of aims and measures that are intended to guide government decisions and actions with regard to external affairs, particularly relations with foreign countries. Friendly, non-threatening and peace-loving attitude seems to be the hallmarks of most states. Yet on the other hand, there could be some countries that act as hostile and aggressive and there is hardly any world force that can constrain them. A basic and age-old problem of state systems arises from here:  national security. Many states deploy armed forces to deal this particular problem. Usually, states coexist and deal with each other without breaking the internal hegemony. So the main issues of mankind are war and peace. A great emphasis has been put in Islam in the field of international relations. Islam developed a different structure and gave a distinct understanding of international relations. Islam offers a complete handbook on international relations through his teachings. Peace works as root in the relation of countries. Securing the world peace and settling disputes and anarchy are the core aims of Islamic teaching.

Workplaces That Work: Examining the Relationships Between Conflict, Subjective Well Being, Employee Performance and Turnover Intentions

Conflict is an inherent part of organizational life and it has been recognized to affect work behaviors in substantial ways. The conflict research abounds with studies on the direct relationships of conflict types and work behaviors with few exceptions whereas underlying psychological mechanisms linking these direct relationships have not been explored. Furthermore, little is known about whether western findings regarding the effects of task conflict and relationship conflict still hold across nonwestern cultures. This thesis offers insights regarding the consequences of task conflict and relationship conflict among employees in terms of their task performance, contextual performance and turnover intentions. The study proposed and tested two underlying mechanisms linking task/relationship conflict and work behaviors. More specifically, utilizing a resource investment/acquisition approach and related corollary of gain spirals in the backdrop of Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, it was suggested that work engagement and job satisfaction distinctively mediate the link between task conflict and work behaviors. Furthermore, guided by the resource depletion approach and related corollary of loss spirals of the COR theory, it was proposed that the three dimensions of burnout (exhaustion, cynicism and interpersonal strain) play a mediating role in influencing the linkages between relationship conflict and outcomes. Data was collected from 508 telecom engineers and their supervisors and analyzed using structural equation modeling to test the interrelationships among the study constructs. The results reveal that task conflict in non-routine complex jobs acts as a resource and facilitates task performance and contextual performance and reduces turnover intentions through work engagement as well as job satisfaction. With respect to relationship conflict results indicated that relationship conflict is negatively related to task performance, contextual performance and turnover intentions, and that the three dimensions of job burnout i.e., exhaustion, cynicism and interpersonal strain at work, distinctively mediate the linkages between relationship conflict, task and contextual performance and turnover intentions. The current study contributes to the conflict literature by delineating a resource investment/acquisition process in the backdrop of the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory whereby task conflict (an exchange of cognitive resources) leads to resource gain (work engagement), which in turn lead to positive outcomes in individuals. It also adds valuable knowledge by suggesting and validating resource depletion process which explicates how relationship conflict transmits its effect to job performance and turnover intentions through mediation of burnout. All in all, the findings have important practical as well as theoretical implications for managers and academicians alike.