Factors Affecting Human Rights in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the situation of human rights is comparatively worse. Factors affecting human rights in this province include failure to guarantee good governance, growing poverty, illiteracy, violence, terrorism, worsening security, social injustice, political instability, and economic turmoil. These factors have been affecting adversely the human rights. To ensure human rights in the province, the execution of international human rights laws needs to be implemented. It is required to ensure good governance, peace and stability to ensure viable environment, provision of sustainable and quality education and reduce poverty. Unless the favourable environment be provided to the people at large, human rights violations may be continued. This paper attempts to know about the factors affecting human rights in the province and present some solid recommendations and policy options.

Studies on Development of Corrosion Resistant Coatings for Preservation of Marine Installations With Emphasis to Karachi Coastal Area Conditons

Atmospheric corrosion near the coastal areas of Karachi is an active area of research. This research in this thesis aimed at studying Karachi’s coastal area conditions and the development of effective corrosion-resistant coatings. In the first step, atmospheric corrosivity was determined according to the ISO 9223 standard, which is a function of four factors: corrosion rate (rcorr), air salinity and SO2 pollution and time of wetness (TOW). For this purpose, mild steel and electrogalvanized mild steel test coupons were exposed over a period of 24 months from May 2014 to May 2016 at two atmospheric corrosion stations, located in National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) and Karachi Port Trust (KPT) along the coastal line of Karachi, Pakistan. Characterization of the corrosion products after one-year and two-year was done by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results showed that the corrosion rates of mild steel are high on both sites, but the corrosivity found at NIO is higher (C5) than in KPT (C4). It was also found that by using electrogalvanized mild steel the corrosivity obtained for NIO (C5+) and KPT (C5+) was not in agreement with the corrosivity category (C5) established by using the pollution category and TOW. The second part of this study focused on the development of corrosion-resistant coatings by the incorporation of titanium and aluminum metal powders to an epoxy resin. The film hardness measurement by pencil test, adhesion measurement by the cross hatch and tape test, chemical and heat resistance test, water sorption test, natural exposure and salt spray testing all demonstrated that developed titanium and aluminum metal powder based corrosion resistant coatings were better as compared to the commercially available epoxy coating. Failure analysis of the developed titanium and aluminum metal powder based corrosion resistant coatings was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Gloss measurement for all the coated test coupons was done. It was found that titanium metal powder based epoxy coating was better than aluminum metal powder based and commercially available epoxy coatings. Present research can be extended for the modification of other resins.