الأخبار الموضوعة في سنن ابن ماجه: دراسة نقدية

The scholars of Hadith gave special attention to the fabricated hadith and they explained it to others and warned about its danger. They all agreed upon it that transmission of fabricated report is unlawful only one way is lawful if the status of this report is narrated with its transmission. Some great scholars of hadith like Mizzi, Zahabi and Ibn Hajr have pointed out that in the sunan of Ibn Maja there are some fabricated and false ahadith. I took interest in study of these fabricated ahadith and I separated them and studied these ahadith according to the Principles of research of this filed. You will find during the study of this paper the importance of Sunan among the six books. You will study comments of scholars about this book. After complete study of this paper, we can conclude following points: 1. There are forty-four fabricated ahadith in Sunan of Ibn Maja. 2. These ahadith are found in five books except one, hadith is narrated by only Ibn Maja. 3. Ibn Maja declared about only one hadith that it is baseless. 4. Ibn Juzi mentioned only seven ahadith in his book fabricated ahadith. 5. Imam Bausairi showed indefference in commenting and declaring these ahadith as fabricated in his book Misbah-uz- zujazah. Although there are clear signs of fabrication in these ahadith.

Pharmacological Screening of Different Extracts of Tribulus Terrestris for Neurodegenerative Disorders and Other Potential Activities

Oxidative stress is predominantly involved in pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Conventional treatments are linked to harmful after-effects. Revolutionary herbal therapeutic agents are unmet clinical need to target neurodegeneration. Steroidal saponins, alkaloid and flavonoids are key phytochemicals of Tribulus terrestris (T. terrestris) accountable for its neuroprotective medicinal peculiarity. The objective of current study was to ensure the safety and to explore neuroprotective potential of T. terrestris. Physicochemical, phytochemical and GCMS analyses were carried out for characterization of plant. Acute toxicity, sub-acute toxicity and in vitro antioxidant activity were investigated. We measured the effect of T. terrestris methanol extract in aluminum chloride induced Alzheimer’s disease model and haloperidol induced parkinsonian rats by estimating behavioral and biochemical parameters. Open field test for locomotion and exploration, passive avoidance task for learning and memory, Y-maze and elevated plus maze for spontaneous behavior, memory and anxiety , hole board test for exploratory behavior and wire hanging test for neuromuscular coordination estimation were performed in anti-Alzheimer study. Catalepsy, head dipping, ladder climbing, foot printing and wire hanging behavioral task were carried out in anti-Parkinson’s study. The level of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity were estimated on brain homogenates of both neuroprotective studies. mRNA expression of pathological biomarkers was evaluated by RTPCR. GC-MS analysis showed highest % peak area (64.19) of benzene dicarboxylic acid. Toxicity signs and mortality were not observed during toxicity studies. TTME exhibited antioxidant properties by DPPH scavenging and by reduction potential. The results showed that TTME at a dose of 1000 mg/kg significantly improved (p ˂ 0.05) aluminum chloride, haloperidol induced neurotoxicity by modulating motor dysfunctions and cognitive disabilities, normalized the biochemical alteration of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase. Histopathological analysis revealed that TTME significantly reversed the degenerative changes, neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflmmation and neuronal loss in the brain architecture. TTME significantly downregulated (p ˂ 0.001) the level of BACE-1, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα and alpha synuclein mRNA expression. We concluded that Tribulus terrestris improved behavioral and biochemical parameters and therefore it will be effective in treatment of neurodegenerative disorders via myriad underlying mechanistic pathways.