اردو کے ادبی اور تحقیقی رسائل و جرائد کا تعارف
رسالہ کسے کہتے ہیں؟
رسالہ ان مطبوعات کو کہتے ہیں جو وقفے وقفے سے بار بار شائع ہوتے ہیں۔ رسالے کو مجلہ یا جریدہ بھی کہتے ہیں۔کچھ رسائل پندرہ روزہ ، ماہانہ ، دوماہی، سہ ماہی، ششماہی اور سالانہ ہوتے ہیں۔تحقیقی وادبی رسائل اپنے عہد کے تخلیقی سفر کے اہم ترین دستاویزات شمار ہوتے ہیں۔جہاں وہ ایک طرف اہل قلم کے نگار شات سے قارئین کو استفادہ کا موقع دیتے ہیں۔ وہاں ناقدین ، مؤرخین اور محققین کے لیے بھی ایسا مواد فراہم کرتے ہیں۔ جس سے کسی مخصوص عہد کے ادبی و تحقیقی رجحانات کا اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے۔
اردو زبان وادب کے ارتقا میں ادبی و تحقیقی رسائل نے ہمیشہ بنیادی کردار ادا کیا ہے۔ادبی رسائل عوام کی ذہنی تربیت میں ایک مؤثر اور فعال کے قوت کے طور پر کام کرتے ہیں۔آج کا ادب جب ماضی کا حصہ بن جاتا ہے۔ تو ادبی رسالہ ہی اس خزینے کو تحفظ عطا کرتاہے۔ اور یہ تنقید و تحقیق کے لیے بنیادی ماخذ کی حیثیت اختیار کرجاتاہے۔
رسائل کی اقسام :
Media has wide spectrum in modern world such that it is known as fourth pillar of state. Media has made convenient and has provided numerous facilities. Apart from this media also has shortcoming. Media has wide application in modern world and it is used for different purposes but it has influenced the field of business significantly. In field of business there are various methods to advertise their products and goods but the role of media cannot be neglected nowadays. The owners of industries and factories find it the most suitable ways of enhancing the sale of their products and goods. Therefore advertising has become the most profitable and productive source of income because every company spend a huge amount in order to advertise their products. The Islam has allowed the human being to widen their business through fair means but it is necessary to analyze the Islamic and moral perspective of advertisement so that Muslims may know about the limitation of issue and under its constraints they can be benefited. In this article we will elaborate the Islamic significance and limitations of advertising.
The present study was planned to investigate adverse effects of arsenic, chromium and to ascertain role of vitamin E and bentonite in alleviating harmful effects of these heavy metals in broiler birds.For this purpose, the experiment was conducted in three trials. First trial was conducted on 140 one-day-old broiler chickens. Birds of groups 2, 5, 6 and 7 were administered arsenic @ (50 mg/kg BW) through feed. Groups 3, 5 and 7 received vitamin E (150 mg/kg BW) and groups 4, 6 and 7 received bentonite (5 % feed), respectively. Second trail was conducted on 126 one-day old broiler chickens divided into seven equal groups. Groups 2, 5, 6 and 7 were administered orally through feed chromium @ (270 mg/kg BW). Birds of groups 3, 5 and 7 received vitamin E (150 mg/kg BW) and groups 4, 6 and 7 received bentonite (5 % feed), respectively. Control group received normal feed and drinking water, respectively for 42 days. Third trial was conducted on 180 one-day old broiler chickens. Birds of groups 2, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were administered chromium @ (270 mg/kg BW) and groups 3, 6, 7, 8 and 9 received arsenic @ (50 mg/kg BW) through feed. Groups 4, 7 and 9 received vitamin E (150 mg/kg BW) and groups 5, 8 and 9 received bentonite (5 % feed), respectively. Birds were killed humanly at day 21 and 42. Blood samples and morbid tissues (liver, lungs, heart and kidneys) were collected for hematological, serum chemistry and histopathological studies, respectively. Following parameters of oxidation stress were measured i.e., Total antioxidant capacity/TAC, Total oxidant status/TOS, Catalase, Malondialdehyde/MDA. Residues in blood were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Body weight, absolute and relative organs weight were recorded on the day of slaughtering.