تعلیمی نظام کی اصلاح کے بارے میں امام بخاری کا نظریہ

 Bukhari was an exemplary teacher. His teaching experiments, advices, and valuable analysis are beneficent even today. As he is famous for being expert in Ahaadeth (Muhadis), he is being ignored in the field of education.  His thoughts, described in Kitabul Ilm of Sahi Bukhari can be used to reform an education system. According to his advices, a teacher should be vocal, should understand and consider psychology of students. He should make groups of students on the basis of their intelligence, and should assign assignments to students to make them more confident. About questions asked by students during teaching, Imam says this is not beneficial. Teachers also should not be upset with proper questions asked by students. No one can become expert with his own study without consultation with an expert of the field.  Reading without the guidance of a teacher may be unhealthy.  Imam stressed even beginner students to do hard work and travel for research, and academic work.  To get knowledge and access to reliable teachers admission in an institution and fulfilling of all the requirements are necessary.  Imam Also considered women education necessary.  According to him women can get benefits only when their system is separate from men. Kitabul Ilm of Bukhari consists of advices for education system reforms. These advices can be used to reform the present education system. Purpose of this article is to analyze Imam Bukhari’s thoughts about education for understanding good and bad things in education.

Privacy Protection in Collaborative Contents Sharing for Online Social Networks

The Online Social Network (OSN) facilitates users’ openness to a wider audience and social circles, which was not possible before its invention. However, this freedom of social expression and sharing of personal information may lead to violate the privacy of an individual and content. OSN has issue of privacy protection, which can be data about a user or the contents shared by user, especially in a group communication. The primaryobjectiveofthisresearchworkistoprotecttheprivacyofthecontentsthatare shared within the group. In general, OSN’s group communication can be divided into Open Group and Closed Group. In an Open Group, the contents are shared among the group members and further sharing is allowed. On the other hand, in Closed Group the contents are shared among the group members only. In Open Group, the problem withOSNisthatoncethecontentisshared,thedataownerorco-ownerhasnocontrol over its further distribution. Thus we provide a framework for collaborative content sharing which transfers the control of data dissemination from the service providers to data owner or co-owner. In the proposed framework, an Access Management Server (AMS)isintroducedasamiddlewaretointeractwiththeOSNserverandmanagesusers. The AMS encrypts the content before uploading to the OSN server and creates secret sharesoftheencryptionkeythatcanbeusedfortheauthorizationofaco-ownertothe content. Similarly,furthersharingofcontentwithotherusers(Viewers)isallowedwith the consent of threshold number of co-owners provided by the data owner. In Closed vii Group, the content is shared within the group members only, and no further sharing is allowed. Thegroupcommunicationcanbesecuredusingthecryptographictechniques, but group key management is a problem, especially in case of untrusted server. This work provides, a Scalable Group Key Management Protocol (SGKMP) to generate the shared group key and its procedure for modification in case a user leaves or joins the group. The key setup phase of the proposed protocol requires two rounds to complete it irrespective of group size, in contrast to the existing protocols that need n rounds to achieve it, where n is the total number of users in the group. Similarly, the protocol is scalable enough to update key by even a single group member without involving all groupmember