منشی پریم چند
افسوس ہے کہ اس جلسہ میں ہندی اور ہندوستانی کا وہ ادیب موجود نہ تھا، جس کا قلم ان دونوں دریاؤں کا سنگم تھا، یعنی منشی پریم چند، ماسوف علیہ نے اسی مہینہ اپنے دوستوں کو آخری الوداع کہا اور اس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے، ان کے قلم نے کم از کم پچیس برس تک اپنے دیہاتی بھائیوں کی کہانی اپنے شہری بھائیوں کو سنائی، وہ زبان کے پرجوش فصیح و بلیغ نہ تھے، ان کی عبارت تکلف و بناوٹ سے پاک اور حددرجہ سادی تھی، ان کی کہانیوں کا اثر ان کی زبان میں نہ تھا، بلکہ ان کے بیان میں تھا، انہوں نے ہمارے دیہاتی تمدن، ہندوستانی وضع و آداب اور ہندی اخلاقی آن بان کی جو تصویر کھینچی ہیں وہ ہمارے ادبی مرقع کی زندہ جاوید یادگاریں ہیں۔
(سید سلیمان ندوی،نومبر ۱۹۳۶ء)
The Beliefs are the base of Islam and all worships. The vantage ground of beliefs has been described by Allah Almighty and His Rasool Muhammad (SAW). To agree upon the Beliefs is very important for all the Muslims as the unity of the Muslims has pivotal role for the glory of Muslim Ummah. Allah Almighty ordains his slaves to hold fast together the rope of so that everyone may save himself from a severe chastisement. So, the study of the Beliefs in a unanimous view point is the most important need of the Muslims. The Beliefs are divided into two major parts, the definite beliefs and the indistinct beliefs. The following article is an agreeing study of the Beliefs related to the definite beliefs in the prospect of quotations of the Muslim Scholars of subcontinent (Indo-Pak).
Cotton is the major fiber and oil seed crop around the globe, which is badly affected by water deficit stress. To fulfill the needs of increasing population with depleting water resources there is need to adopt management strategies which result in sufficient cotton yield with less water consumption. Keeping in view the current circumstances, research studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of partial rhizosphere drying (PRD) in combination with different mulch materials (M0= control, M1= black plastic mulch, M2= wheat straw mulch and M3= cotton stick mulch) for enhancing the productivity of cotton with less water. Study was comprised of five experiments. In the first experiment five different cotton cultivars (FH142, IUB222, IUB13, MM58, NOOR) from recent existing pool were screened out against control (I0) and PRD (I1) irrigation under wire house conditions. Cotton variety MM58 performed the best with maximum physiological and both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants values. In second experiment the selected variety (MM58) was again tested under various mulches and irrigation regimes in wire house. Wheat straw mulch gave the best results with maximum stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and biochemical activities. Third experiment was carried out for comparative study of full, deficit and PRD irrigation. PRD was found better than DI (deficit irrigation) using equal amount of water. Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration was found more in PRD than DI which had positive influences on cotton physiology for efficiently utilization of irrigation water. Same experiment was repeated under field conditions for consecutive two years. More growth traits were found under control irrigation but yield attributes were statistically at par in both control and PRD irrigation. Concentration of osmolytes (proline & sugar contents), activities of antioxidant enzymes and water use efficiency (WUE) were more in PRD treatment. Amongst all mulches wheat straw mulch significantly improved the growth, yield and quality attributes (fiber length and strength) of cotton as compared to un-mulched treatment under field conditions. Economic analysis of the field experiments revealed that maximum net field benefit (NFB) was obtained in control irrigation with wheat straw mulch. It was concluded that wheat straw mulch gave the best results under both control and PRD irrigation than other mulch combinations used in the experiment.