Identification of Factors Contributing to Primary Female Subfertility by Diagnostic Hystero-Laparoscopy: An Experience of Private Hospital

Background: Management of subfertility is influenced by the diagnosis of its causative factor. Combined diagnostic hystero-laparoscopy has emerged as an effective procedure in identifying causative factors of female subfertility. Objectives: This study aimed to identify contributory factors to primary female subfertility by diagnostic hystero-laparoscopy. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Hameed Latif hospital, Lahore, Pakistan from December 2021 to May 2022. Data was collected from 344 women with female primary subfertility, undergoing combined diagnostic hystero-laparascopy. All the demographic data along with identified causative factors (tubal blockade, cervical Os stenosis, endometrial polyp, uterine septum, uterine fibroid, endometriosis, peri tubal adhesions and polycystic ovaries) during the procedure were recorded in predesigned study proforma. Data were analyzed through SPSS software 23. Results: Mean age of the patients was 25±5.0 years and the mean duration of subfertility was 3.8+0.55 years. Two hundred and eighty-four (82.56%) patients had abnormal findings, while sixty (17.44%) had normal findings. Out of 284 patients, 94(34%) had one identified factor, while 190 (66%) patients had two or more identified factors for primary subfertility. Polycystic ovaries were seen in 128(37.21%) patients, followed by tubal blockade in 81(23.54%), peri tubal adhesions/hydrosalpinx in 58(16.86%) patients. Conclusions: Diagnostic hystero-laparoscopy is an effective diagnostic procedure for the evaluation of female factor subfertility and may be helpful to gynecologists in devising further management plans.

Investment Behavior of Generation Y: A study Based on Experience of Employees Working in Financial Institutions of Pakistan

Investment behaviour comes under the field of behavioural finance. It is a process of investors' decision making at micro level. The process based on some specific features of investment products and services. This study was subjective in nature and cleared the scope of quantitative research in this regard to understand the investment behavior of generation Y investors while they are investing in the stock markets. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from the 325 respondents representing generation Y working in financial institutions. A structured questionnaire technique was used for data collection so the analysis could reflect true results. Multiple regression analysis technique was used to test the study hypotheses. The findings of this study indicates that investment choices, level of risk and behavioural biasness have direct influence on the portfolio selection of the generation Y investors and they are not behaving according to traditional theories of finance. The results also demonstrate that the generation Y investors of financial institutions understand the stock selection criteria and perceived risk attitudes toward the investment decisions. Theoretically, this study provides a possible solution to understand the behaviour of generation Y investors. Practically, this study is helpful for financial institutions to suggest best financial securities according to the behaviour of generation Y investors. At the end, this study also contributing in the existing literature on the behaviour of generation Y investors.