پروفیسر محمد حبیب
پروفیسر محمد حبیب ہندوستان کی قرون وسطیٰ کی تاریخ کے نامور مورخ تھے، اس کے ماہر جانے جاتے تھے، پوری عمر مسلم یونیورسٹی سے وابستہ رہے، اور شعبہ تاریخ کی صدارت سے ریٹائر ہوئے، وہ صحیح معنوں میں طالب علم تھے، ان کی پوری زندگی تعلیم و تدریس اور تالیف و تصنیف میں گذری، اس کا ان کو ایسا چسکا تھا کہ ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد بھی مسلم یونیورسٹی کے طلبہ کی علمی و تعلیمی رہنمائی کرتے رہتے تھے، انہوں نے اسلامی ہندکی تاریخ پر سیکڑوں مضامین لکھے، لیکن اس کے بعض پہلووں کے متعلق ان کے خیالات دوسرے مسلمان مورخین سے مختلف تھے، اور اس میں اعتدال و توازن نہ تھا، جس کا نمونہ ان کی کتاب محمود غزنوی اور ڈاکٹر اطہر عباس رضوی کی کتاب کا مقدمہ ہے جس میں انہوں نے مصنف کو البیرونی، بوعلی سینا، خواجہ نظام الدین اولیاء اور شیخ عبدالحق محدث دہلوی کا ہم پایہ بنادیا ہے، لیکن اس سے ان کے علمی کمال میں فرق نہیں آتا، وہ علمی سیاست کے آدمی نہیں تھے، لیکن خیالات کے لحاظ سے پکے نیشنلسٹ سمجھے جاتے تھے، ان کی موت سے ایک نامور مسلمان مورخ اٹھ گیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی لغرشوں سے درگذر کرے، اور ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۷۱ء)
Human is a combination of a body and soul, in which body is nurtured by means of energy that is present around the world, but regarding soul, he has not provide nourishment in this world. For his soul’s nourishment, Allah has revealed prophets from Adam Alehi Salaam to Muhammad Sallallaho Alaehi Wasallam with books, these books are with different methodologies, as creator knows that there is no definite way which can appeal human mind and soul. God manifested the color of love in psalm through songs, instructions have been given through stories in Touraat and Bible has proven it be the best model of proverbs. Quran which is the last revelation of God, combined all above ways to open the door to soul. It has reflection of David’s songs, Glory of Moses and divine glance of Maseeh (P.B.U.T) it has restrictions of Sharia laws and spirituality. Aim of Holy Quran is just not to conquer the opponent by logical argument but it open his heart for right path - for this reason the book itself explained way to call the people towards Islam. It says call people to the way with wisdom and fair of exhortation and reason with them in the best possible way. These rules are only effective when followed with love and well-wishing which is shown through soft and lenient tone. In this article, I have discussed concept and need of Dawat, basic pillars and etiquettes in the light of Holy Quran and Hadith.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are being widely utilized in agriculture due to their biopesticide and biofertilizer potential. The indigenous PGPR inhabiting certain hosts can act as potent bioinoculants due to their native habitat and acclimatization to the environment. In current study, rhizobacterial mediated suppression of blast disease was investigated. Four hundred and fifty indigenous isolates were obtained from rice rhizosphere to assess their antagonism towards rice blast pathogen Pyricularia oryzae. Only 100 isolates showed antagonistic activity. Twenty out of 100 isolates inhibited the mycelium growth of P. oryzae by 30–65% in vitro. Five strains, KFP-5, KFP-7, KFP-12, KFP- 17 and KFP-18, showing 63–65% antagonism towards P. oryzae, were tested for the production of biocontrol determinants and suppression of blast disease in rice plants. The antagonistic strains produced various biocontrol determinants such as the hydrolytic enzymes, protease, glucanase and cellulase with solubilization zone diameters of 10–19, 4.2–14.5 and 2–13.5 mm respectively and siderophores with zone diameter of 7–12 mm. The antagonistic strains also solubilized potassium, phosphorus and zinc from inorganic sources with solubilization zones of 2.1–3.2, 2.3–3.6 and 1.7-2.9 mm respectively. Three antagonistic strains, KFP-5, KFP-7 and KFP-17 significantly suppressed blast disease with a disease score 1.1–1.9 and increased yield of rice grown in pot. The antagonistic strains, KFP-5, KFP-7 and KFP-17 significantly induced the antioxidant enzymes against P. oryzae infection in rice and secrete biocontrol determinants in rhizosphere. They induced the activity of superoxide dismutase (1.7-1.9 fold), peroxidase (3.5-4.1 fold), polyphenol oxidase (3.0-3.8 fold), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (3.9-4.4 fold), in rice leaves and roots under hydroponic and soil conditions. The antagonistic strains also secreted multiple biocontrol determinants like protease (1.1-5.5 U/mg of soil or U/mL of hydroponic solution), glucanase, (1.0-1.3 U/mg of soil or U/mL of xii hydroponic solution), siderophores (6.5-42.8 µg/mL or mg) in the rhizosphere of different rice varieties. These antagonistic strains also exhibited bio efficacy under field conditions. They significantly reduced disease severity by 40-52% with grain yield of 3.2-3.9 ton ha-1 in rice. The bioantagonists significantly colonized the rice rhizosphere with a cell population of 2.40E+06-5.6E+07 CFU/g of soil. Rice plants treated with antagonistic bacterial suspension followed by challenge inoculation with P. oryzae were found to have higher enzymatic activities like superoxide dismutase (308-266 Ug-1 FW), peroxidase (change in absorbance (∆A) = 0.20-0.71 min-1 g-1FW), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (∆A = 0.32-0.59 min-1 g-1 FW) and polyphenol oxidase (∆A = 0.29-0.58 min-1 g-1 FW). A consistent performance of the strains was observed during consecutive two years. The potent antagonistic strains were identified as Bacillus spp. strains KFP-5 (Gene bank Accession No KT380825), Bacillus spp. KFP-7 (Gene bank Accession No KT380826) and Bacillus spp. KFP-17 (Gene bank Accession No KJ719446) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These findings suggest that indigenous Bacillus spp. could be a potential bioinoculum for rice to control blast diseases and enhance yield.