Influences of ‘Allāma Muḥammad Iqbāl on Thoughts of Dr. Isrār Aḥmad
Dr. Isrār Aḥmad(d:1431A. H/2010A. D) admits this fact that his personality is deeply influenced by Dr. ‘Allāma Muḥammad Iqbāl(d:1357A. H/1938A. D). In his book titled Da‘vat Rujū‘ ilā al-Qur’ān kā Manẓar-o-Pasmanẓar, he writes:
“The foremost and the deepest imprint on my mind is that of late ‘Allāma Iqbāl’s Urdu Poetry as I spent my high school life (1941-1947A. D) in reading and humming of bāng-e-darā, bāl-e-Jibra’īl, zarb-e-Kalīm and verses of armughān-e-Ḥijāz. This aroused in me a national passion so I, in that era, found the only like-minded group of the Muslim League, associated myself as per my little ability with the Muslim Students Federation- a body of the Muslim League movement. [1]
At another point in the same book, he further writes:
“No denying the fact that like howal awwalo wal ākhiro, my thoughts and vision have the initial and final impact of late ‘Allāma Iqbāl; the former mostly being ‘passionate’ with the outcome of ‘Passion for the Community’ whereas the latter is purely ‘Conceptual’; thus, my concept has the objectivity of “Studying the Qur’ān in the background of Modern Concepts” or “Analysis and Review of the Modern Thoughts in the Light of the Qur’ān”. [2]
The above lines explain that the vision of Dr. Isrār Aḥmad(d:1431A. H/2010A. D) had the initial impact on ‘Allāma Iqbāl’s personality. The thoughts propounded by Dr. Isrār Aḥmad all his life have the footprints leading to the poetry of Iqbāl.
Political System in Islām
Politically, ‘Allāma Iqbāl was strictly against a democratic government as he says:
tou nay kiā dekhā nahi maghrib kā Jamhōri...
Christianity in itself is a reformative offshoot of Judaism rather than a separate faith. The massage of Jesus Christ was directed at Jews and Jew formed the core of his early follower. In his early stage he was respected, honored and welcomed by his jew community. But as soon as he projected the universalism of Torah (Pentateuch) and declared Judaism as Inclusive religion the community fell in hostility toward him and led him to crucify. In his early theology he gave the message of love, respect and tolerance to the light of a candle in room. The New Testament and it satellite portions unveil his and of his early followers teachings and their theological trend and behavior towards other nations and faiths. In this article the above mentioned teachings and theological policy of Jesus Christ and Saint Paul, an immediate stream him of Christianity has been abstracted from New Testament. It may help today’s Christianity to revise it religious teachings toward Islam and blasphemous behavior other religions and hence minimize the political tensions throughout the world.
Introduction: Helicobacter pylori is a common bacterial infection in humans with early acquisition in childhood. It is adapted to the gastric environment and has been associated with chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, atrophic gastritis, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. H. pylori strains bearing the Cytotoxin Associated Gene-A (CagA) gene have enhanced pathogenicity and have been strongly linked with increased risk for gastric carcinoma in adulthood. Objectives: The primary objective was to determine the prevalence of CagA positive strains in children with H. pylori infection. The secondary objectives were to compare CagA status and endoscopy findings and to determine their correlation with Iron deficiency in children with H. pylori infection. Methodology: A cross sectional survey was carried out in 73 children under the age of 15 years who had undergone Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and had H. pylori identified on histology. Consent was obtained from the caregivers before administering a questionnaire on bio data and clinical history. Blood samples were drawn and evaluated for anti- CagA IgG antibodies using ELISA to determine prevalence of CagA positive H. pylori infection. Endoscopy findings, iron status as determined by serum ferritin level, haemoglobin level, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were compared with CagA status. Data Analysis: Data on age were summarized using median (IQR), categorical data were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Prevalence was determined as proportion with CagA positive H. pylori infection as numerator and all children with H. pylori infection as denominator. The association between CagA and demographic characteristics (gender and age-groups) were determined using Chi square test and logistic regression. Relationship between iron deficiency anaemia and endoscopy findings as exposure variables and CagA status as outcome was analysed. In view of the small sample size, exact logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding confidence interval. Precision was estimated using 95% confidence interval with p-values of ≤0.05 being considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were done using STATA version 14. Results: Children below the age of 15years (median age of nine years (IQR six to 13) were recruited, 50.7% (n=37) were males. The overall prevalence of CagA was 60.3% (95% CI=48.1% - 71.5%). H. pylori infection was highest in the 5-11 year age group with a prevalence of 59.5% had CagA positive strain. The difference in proportion between the age groups was however not statistically significant (Exact p-value