آسی ضیائی رامپوری بطور اقبال شناس
آسی ضیائی رامپوری کا نام قدآور اقبال شناس ناقدین میں شامل ہے۔آسی ضیائی نے ایک تو علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی میں رشید احمد صدیقی جیسے اقبال شناس کی شاگردی اختیار کی دوسرے اقبال کی مادرِ علمی مرے کالج سیالکوٹ کی علمی و ادبی فضا نے آسی ضیائی کی ’’اقبال شناسی‘‘ کے لیے مہمیز کاکام کیا اور یوں آسی ضیائی نے کلام اقبال پر خامہ فرسائی کرتے ہوئے ایک کتاب اور چار مضامین رقم کیے۔
’’کلامِ اقبال کا بے لاگ تجزیہ‘‘ آسی ضیائی کی اقبال شناسی کے حوالے سے مستند تصنیف ہے۔ اس کتاب میں کلامِ اقبال کے اہم خصائص کا اجمال کے ساتھ تجزیہ کیا گیا ہے ۔ایک صد مضامین پر مشتملیہ کتاب تین حصص میں منقسم ہے۔ پہلا حصہ دو ابواب پر ،دوسرا حصہ تین ابواب پر تیسرا اور آخری حصہ ایک باب پر مشتمل ہے۔ ’’کلامِ اقبال کا بے لاگ تجزیہ‘‘ کے آغاز میں آسی ضیائی نے ایک جامع مقدمہ بعنوان ’’اِدعا‘‘ رقم کیا ہے جو کتاب کی اہمیت اور وجہ تحریر پر روشنی ڈالتا ہے۔ کتاب کے حصہ اول میں محبت ،جستجو ،متصوفانہ ،مذھبیت ،مظاہرِ قدرت سے محبت ،مذہبی روایات سے محبت ،تصوف ،عمومی تبصرہ ، خاص موضوعات ،ترجمے ،بقیہ نظمیں، غزلیں ،دوسرا دور ،رومانی شاعری ،ایک انوکھا قیاس ،خورشید ،ایک دلچسپ انکشاف، دوسری نظمیں ،نئے دور کا آغاز، خلاصۂ بحث اور محرکات جیسے مضامین کی فہرست ہے۔
کتاب کے حصہ دوم میں بعد کی شاعری ،اسلوب کا جائزہ ،وسیلہ ،ساخت و پرداخت ،حکیمانہ اسلوبِ شاعری کی خصوصیات ،سادگی اور ندرت ،تمثیل نگاری ،تخاطبِ بالغائب ،رموز وعلائم کا استعمال ،حالیؔ،اکبرؔ،اقبالؔ ،صوت و آہنگ کا اہتمام ،تصورات و پیغام پر تبصرہ ،خودی ،تصورِ خودی کا وھبی و ماحولی پس منظر ،اثباتِ خودی ،اثباتِ خودی کے مقامات، شرفِ انسانی، تسخیرِ فطرت، مسئلہ خیر و شر اور روح و جسم کا اتحاد...
Muslims scholars in principle agree that non-combatants are protected and that they lose protection when they directly participate in hostilities. However, the issues of defining the scope of non-combatant and that of direct participation remain contentious which resultantly cause confusions about the protection of medical personnel. The present paper digs out principles of Islamic law relating to the protection of medical personnel during armed conflict and for this purpose focuses on a doctor who works for humanity and who provides medical assistance to all and gives priority on the basis of need only. It tries to find answers to questions such as: is the doctor muqatil (combatant)? Does the act of providing medical assistance to the enemy combatants make the doctor liable for direct participation in hostilities? Does Islamic law distinguish between the legal consequences of direct and indirect participation in hostilities? After exploring the rich Islamic legal literature on the protection of medical personnel during armed conflict, the paper also examines the legal consequences of abuse of the protected status.
Polyimide/silica (PI/silica) and poly(hydroxyl imide)/silica (PHI/silica) nanocomposites containing pure as well as organically modified silica network structures have been prepared through the sol-gel process from solution mixtures of poly(amic acid) (PAA) and alkoxysilanes. Two types of PAAs were employed. The first was obtained from the reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) with oxydianiline (ODA) in dimethylacetamide as a solvent. The second was prepared from the reaction of PMDA with a mixture of 3,3′- diamino-4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl and ODA. The hybrid films obtained by solvent elution technique were thermally cured to carry out the imidization process and the silica network formation. The effect of compatibility enhancement achieved through the modification of polymer backbone as well as through the use of non-silane and silane-terminated imide coupling oligomers on structure and properties of hybrids was studied and compared with the systems where reinforcement of the matrix was achieved using pure silica. The presence of pendant hydroxyl groups on polymer backbone played an important role in dictating the morphology of the PHI/silica hybrids. A model namely “Retain and React” based on two-step process has been proposed to explain the formation of polymer- modified silica clusters composed of co-continuous nano-domains with diffused boundaries as the previously proposed models failed to explain the observed morphology. The introduction of coupling oligomers in hybrid systems impeded the agglomeration of nano- sized silica domains and promoted the formation of novel fibril structures connecting the organic and inorganic phases together. Significant reduction in the roughness of the surfaces in the hybrid materials having modified matrix and silica networks has also been attributed to effect of enhanced coupling. A large shift in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the hybrid material to higher temperatures confirmed the restricted segmental motion of polymer backbone due to increased interfacial interaction. The high surface-area of the interconnected silica domains stabilized the materials and shifted the decomposition profiles to higher temperatures by providing barriers to heat and mass transport in the hybrid material and thus slowing down the diffusion of oxygen in the matrix. The enhanced polarity coupled with organically modified silica offer an opportunity for improving Tg, reducing the coefficient of thermal expansion and increasing thermal-oxidative stability of polyimide/silica hybrids. The co-continuous and interpenetrating network structure thus produced also improves mechanical properties. Key words: Organic/inorganic hybrids; nanocomposites; polyimide; silica; sol-gel process; compatibilization; morphology; visco-elastic and thermal properties