قدرت اﷲ شہاب
جناب محمد طفیل کی وفات کے کچھ ہی روز بعد جناب قدرت اﷲ شہاب کی رحلت کی خبر ملی، وہ برطانوی حکومت کے زمانہ کے آئی۔سی۔ایس تھے، ۱۹۴۷ء کے بعد پاکستان کے بڑے بڑے عہدوں پر مامور رہے، وہ جب پاکستان کے گورنر جنرل جناب غلام محمد صاحب کے سکریٹری تھے، تو پہلی بار ۱۹۵۵ء میں ان سے دارالمصنفین کے دفتری کام کے سلسلہ میں ملا، ایک روز گورنر جنرل ہاؤس میں دوپہر کا کھانا ہوا تو وہ بھی شریک ہوئے لیکن خاموش بیٹھے رہے، ان سے کھانا شروع کرنے کے لیے کہا گیا تو بولے آج شعبان کی پندرہویں تاریخ ہے، وہ نفل روزے سے ہیں، ان کی اس مذہبیت کا اثر دستر خوان کے تمام شرکاء پر رہا۔
۱۹۵۵ء سے پاکستان کا سفر برابر کرتا رہا، ان سے برابر ملاقاتیں ہوتی رہیں، دارلمصنفین کی مطبوعات کا جب باضابطہ حق طباعت و اشاعت حکومت پاکستان کو دیا جارہا تھا تو انھوں نے اس کی دفتری کاروائی کرنے میں بڑی سہولتیں پہنچائیں جس کے لیے دارلمصنفین ان کا بڑا ممنون ہوا، ان میں سرکاری افسر کی رعونت بالکل نہ تھی، ہر موقع پر بڑے متین، سنجیدہ اور بااخلاق نظر آئے، بولتے بہت کم تھے مگر سنتے سب کی تھے، اور حتیٰ الامکان مدد کیا کرتے تھے، ان کو انگریزی اور اردو لکھنے میں بڑی مہارت تھی، اردو ادب کا بڑا عمدہ مذاق رکھتے تھے لیکن اس کا اظہار اپنی گفتگوؤں میں نہ ہونے دیتے، ادبی حلقوں میں اپنی اردو تحریروں کے لیے مقبول تھے، دعا ہے کہ اﷲ تبارک و تعالیٰ ان کی نیکیوں، لوگوں کے ساتھ کرم گستریوں اور روز مرہ زندگی میں ان کی خوبیوں کی بدولت ان کو اپنی آغوش عفو و کرم میں لے کروہی جگہ عطا فرمائیں جو نیک بندوں کو اس کی بارگاہ میں ملا کرتی ہے، آمین۔...
Dispensation of justice is a prerequisite for any society to move forward. The concept of justice encompasses whole spheres of life. The judicial system of Islam is based on a very strong footing. According to the Sharia, testimony is one means of proof. One aspect of it is 'evidence of woman' which has been discussed by the jurists in detail. According to the majority opinion, evidence of women is acceptable only in civil cases and Ta'azirat. , while it is not acceptable for the punishment of Hudood and Qisas. They have based their opinion on some verses of the Holy Quran and the Traditions, while there is a strong opinion of some other jurists that there is no restriction on the evidence of women in all kinds of cases. This article deals with the issue in which different opinions of the jurists have been presented with their arguments
CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 are major detoxifying enzymes related to head and neck cancer (HNC). Polymorphisms in these genes have frequently been reported in literature and are known to follow diverse pattern in relation to different populations. The current study was designed to screen these genes in HNC patients and controls at DNA, mRNA and protein levels. A total of 437 pathologically confirmed HNC patients and 507 normal healthy controls were recruited. The results revealed that the mean age of cancer patients included in the study was 48 +16.59 years. PCR-SSCP was used for genetic screening followed by sequencing. Novel substitution (tyrosine to serine) and frameshift mutation (insertion of T) were found in HNC patients in CYP1A1 gene. GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes were found significantly higher in HNC patients compared to controls (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-5.5 and OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.3-3.1 respectively). GSTM1 deletion mapping revealed an amplified region 98 bp upstream and 293 bp downstream the gene, deleting 6 Kbp segment containing the entire gene. Similarly in GSTT1 gene a region spanning 537 bp upstream and 333 bp downstream was deleted and the total size of this deletion was approximately 9 Kbp. A new technique for mapping of deletion has been introduced that opens new ideas for researchers. Novel mutations in GSTP1 gene in exonic region (substitution A2848T and G2849A) were found in 9.5% HNC patients whereas the controls did not show these mutations. In addition, two intronic deletions of C at nucleotide 1074 and 1466 were also found in patients. Therefore it was found that exonic as well as intronic variations may be involved in HNC risk. Reverse transcriptase PCR was used for mRNA expression variation screening in 4 selected genes. Expression analysis showed that CYP1A1 mRNA expression was markedly reduced in tissues of head and neck carcinoma compared to adjacent normal tissue (OR 4.5, CI 1.5-13.4). Partial loss of expression of GSTM1 and GSTT1 mRNA was also observed at a higher rate in HNC tissues compared to controls (OR 4.5, CI 1.5- 13.4 and OR 3.2, CI 1.1- 9.6 respectively). GSTM1 and GSTT1 expression was also down regulated that was directly correlated with stages of cancer. GSTP1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in cancerous tissue compared to control tissue (OR 4.2, CI 1.2- 15.3). GSTP1 over expression was also observed to be directly correlated with stages of cancer. It was found that 5 patients had variation in GSTP1 mRNA with a large product size than expected. Sequencing revealed insertion of intronic segment between 6th and 7th exon of GSTP1 gene. Germline screening was performed showing mobility shifts which suggested mutation at DNA level resulting in intronic portion retention. ELISA was performed to check the serum GSTs level and significant decrease was observed in head and neck cancer patients compared to controls (P<0.001). Immunohistochemistry was performed to check the protein expression of these genes. CYP1A1 was expressed in cancer tissues as well as controls; however mild expression was observed in patients compared to controls. Regarding the level of GSTT1 mRNA loss and mild expression was common among HNC tissues compared to controls. GSTP1 was overexpressed in most of the tissues compared with controls. From the current study, GSTs and CYP1A1 were found to be one of the factors responsible for systematic progression of HNC. Expression regulation of CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes is an area which can be further explored. Establishing a marker of prognostic significance as well as its potential role in HNC can help in designing most promising gene therapy for patients