سید عبدالرحمن تھنگل
افسوس ہے گزشتہ مہینہ مسلمانوں کی بعض نمایاں شخصیتیں ہم سے جدا ہوگئیں۔ سید عبدالرحمن تھنگل آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ کے صدر تھے۔سابق صدر مسلم لیگ محمد اسماعیل صاحب مرحوم نے اس جماعت کاجووقار اورمرتبہ جنوبی ہند میں قائم کردیا تھا، سید عبدالرحمن تھنگل نے نہ صرف اسے قائم رکھا بلکہ بعض حیثیتوں سے اس میں اضافہ کیا۔ وہ نہایت سوجھ بوجھ اورفہم وتدبر کے سیاست دان تھے۔ حکومت اوردوسری سیاسی پارٹیاں بھی ان کی لیاقت و قابلیت اور بلندکردار کی معترف تھیں۔ ان کی دینداری کاثبوت اس سے بڑھ کراورکیاہوسکتا ہے کہ ان کی وفات حج سے فراغت کے بعد ہوئی اوران کا جسدِخاکی سرزمین قدس کی امانت بن گیا، یہ وہ موت ہے جس پر زندگی کوبھی رشک آتاہے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے مدارج ومراتب بلند فرمائے۔ [فروری۱۹۷۳ء]
Religion is considered as an integral part of individuals’ daily routine practices in the society. People perform religious obligations very rigorously and avoid all the religiously declared prohibited acts. This current study aims, to identify the role of group conformity towards adopting sectarian identities by individuals with the emphasis of exploring the practices of sectarian identities that causes an environment of inter-group disintegration in the community. This study will be significant in recommending initiatives that can create an environment of harmony between people belonging to different sectarian believers. Qualitative research method was applied to analyze group conformity and individuals’ behavior towards practicing sectarian identities. Population was based on rural setup of Manddi Faiẓ Abad. Twelve participants were selected through purposive sampling technique. Structured interview guide was used as data collection tool and themes was extracted to describe existing trends and patterns regarding group conformity and sectarian identity construction. Results revealed efficacious role of group conformity to encourage individuals towards adopting and practicing any particular sectarian identity in the society. Results highlighted that, desire of getting religious hegemony and supremacy with the courtesy of group conformity that make individuals intolerant on sectarian grounds and creates an environment of disintegration in the society. Sectarian difference not only creates religious
Tungsten carbide-cobalt composite (WC-Co) is widely used for manufacturing of tools, dies, and molds due to its high hardness, high strength, and excellent wear resistance. Applications of WC-Co in tooling require complex shapes to be machined including curved and tapered features. It is generally known that WC-Co is a difficult-to-machine material due to its very high hardness and non-homogeneous microstructure.Present research work is carried out to investigate the effect of workpiece geometry, wire-electrode properties, and wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) parameters on machining of complex profiles (curved profiles in taper mode) in WC-Co and to optimize the process for getting better machining performance. This research work is accomplished in two phases. Separate sets of experiments are conducted for the two phases. Phase-I is aimed at optimizing the dimensional accuracy for machining of concave and convex curved profiles in WC-Co through control of WEDM process parameters. Taguchi L27 orthogonal array is employed for design of experiments.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and main effects plots are used to identify the significant factors affecting the two response variables namely, radius of concave profile and radius of convex profile. Regression optimization is carried out to determine the settings of WEDM parameters in order to obtain optimal values of response variables. Phase-II is carried out to compare the machining performance of uncoated brass wire and zinc-coated brass wire in terms of taper angle error, cutting speed, and workpiece surface roughness, for cutting of complex profile in WC-Co. The influence of workpiece taper and WEDM parameters on angular error, cutting speed, and workpiece surface roughness is also investigated and optimization is carried out. Taguchi orthogonal array L18 is used for design of experiments. ANOVA, main effects plots, and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio analysis are used to identify significant factors and their optimal levels in order to get better machining performance. Heat-affected zone of selected workpieces is analyzed with the help of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and recast layer, micro-cracks, and micro-chipping are observed in the closed vicinity of machined profiles. Micro-indentation hardness of selected samples is also measured. Experimental results reveal that zinc-coated brass wire offers higher cutting speed but poor surface finish as compared to uncoated brass wire. At optimal values of process parameters, there is an increase of 31% in cutting speed and a reduction of 31% in workpiece surface roughness for machining using uncoated wire. The corresponding values for zinc-coated wire are 26% and 5%.