اسلم ملک
اسلم ملک (۱۹۳۱ء پ) سیالکوٹ کے محلہ دھارو وال میں پیدا ہوئے ۔(۹۹۸) نثر نگاری ان کی پہچان ہے لیکن اظہار کے لیے انھوں نے شاعری کا لطیف پیرایہ بھی استعمال کیا ہے۔ اسلم ملک نے بچوں کے ادب کو زیادہ اہمیت دی ہے۔ اس لیے ان کی شاعری کا بڑا حصہ بچوں کی شاعری پر محیط ہے۔اسلم ملک نے حمد سے نعت ،غزل نظم اور ہائیکو جیسی اصناف میں طبع آزمائی کی ہے۔ اسلم ملک کا شعری مجموعہ ’’خواب اور خوشبو‘‘شائع ہو چکاہے۔ تصوف اور عشقِ حقیقی اسلم ملک کی شاعری کا ایک بڑا موضوع ہے۔ اسلم ملک کے نزدیک صرف خدائے رحیم و کریم ،تعظیم ،عظمت اور تمہیدو ستائش کا حقدار ہے۔ لالہ و گل میں اس کی خوشبو ہے۔ اور سورج چاند ستاروں کی روشنی بھی اسی سے ہے کیونکہ وہ نور اور نور کا منبع ہے۔ کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
لالہ و گل میں جو خوشبو ہے فقط تری ہے
چاند ستاروں کی چمک میں بھی ہے فیضان تیرا
گیت تیرے ہی سناتے ہیں پرندے سارے
بزمِ قیمتی کا ہر اک فرد ثنا خواں تیرا (۹۹۹)
تو خالق و مالک ارض و سما
سبحان اللہ ، سبحان اللہ
تو داتا مرے دل میں بسا
سبحان اللہ ، سبحان اللہ
خلقت ساری ہے کنبہ ترا
سبحان اللہ ، سبحان اللہ
تو افضل و اکمل سب سے بڑا
سبحان اللہ ، سبحان اللہ
(۱۰۰۰)
شہ دو جہاں کا کرم چاہتا ہوں
سفر اپنا سوئے حرم چاہتا ہوں
دیا ان کا روشن رہے طاقِ دل پر
میں الفت میں ان کا بھرم چاہتا ہوں
(۱۰۰۱)
The study examines the impact of climate change on the spread of
some diseases in Thi- Qar Province through collecting and analyzing data
about various weather elements and phenomena of some monitoring
stations ( Nasiriyah ) for a high-temperature climatic cycle of 78 years
(1941-2018). It is divided into seven consecutive and different time
periods, 1941-1951, 1952-1962, and 1963-1973, 1974-1984, 1985-1995,
1996-2006, 2007-2018. These elements and phenomena are solar
radiation, temperatures (maximum and minimum), wind (Dust storm,
rising dust, suspended dust), and the thermal extremes phenomenon (heat
and cold waves) The research aims to reveal the reality of trends in
climate of the province of thi qar, and find out the reality of the general
trend of the elements of climatic different by relying on a series of
evidence statistical number of climatic variables for the meteorological
station in Nasiriyah especially temperature, wind speed, relative humidity
and rainfall, and extreme dust The most important results of the research
showed that temperatures trending upward in sync with a clear reduction
in the amount of relative humidity and rainfall which threatens a sharp
repeating the phenomenon of drought in the future. The research study
has found that the City of Nasiriyah ranked first in human diseases for the
period 2009-2018, as the reasons for this level of diseases include that
Nasiriyah is subject to the recurrence of dusty weather phenomena due to
its proximity to the Western Desert Plateau, as well as the lack of cultivated and water-covered areas. This city witnesses serious air
pollutions due to the concentration of a large number of factories located
near inhabited areas, as well as, the spread of brick factories in the
regions of the city, such as, brick factories in the area of El-Islah. This is
public services, in addition to the building projects, deterioration of
sewage overflow, the spread of epidemics and insects harmful to human
health, other climatic environmental pollutants, such as the spread of
pollen, plant scents and air allergens, which contributed to the increase in
the severity of skin diseases, climate eyes, arthritis and respiratory
allergies. The city of Al-Shatra ranked second in the number of people
with climatic diseases, Al-Rifai ranked third with infected cases, Souk
Al-Shuyoukh ranked fourth, and finally Al-Jibayish ranked fifth and last
in people with climatic human diseases for the period 2009-2018 in Dhi-
qar province due to the same geographical, climatic, medical, and
environmental causes indicated earlier.
The production and processing of cotton is a major source of foreign exchange for the economy of Pakistan. The majority of cotton fiber produced in the region comes from the tetraploid Gossypium hirsutum, although some is still produced from the cotton species native to the region, the diploid G. arboreum. Since the early 1990s, cotton production in Pakistan and northwestern India has been adversely affected by cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). The disease is caused by single-stranded DNA viruses of the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) in association with a specific satellite, Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB). At this time only a single virus, Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV), is associated with CLCuD across most of Pakistan. This virus is resistance breaking, overcoming resistance to the previous begomoviruses/satellite complex that was introduced into cotton by conventional breeding. At this time there are no commercially available G. hirsutum lines that are resistant to CLCuBuV/CLCuMuB. However, all lines of G. arboreum are “immune” to CLCuD and plant breeders have long been trying to introduce the “resistance” from this species into the more desirable G. hirsutum lines. In addition, recently two lines of G. hirsutum originating from France (cvs. Dominique and Haiti) have shown promise in field screening for resistance against CLCuD. The study described here was designed to investigate the nature of the resistance of G. arboreum cv. Ravi and the French G. hirsutum cultivars, Dominique and Haiti, using whitefly-mediated and graft inoculation of the CLCuD virus complex. Additionally the possibility of using biolistic inoculation of viral DNA was investigated as a possible means of experimentally introducing the virus complex causing CLCuD into cotton. In large scale field screening of G. arboreum cv. Ravi over a period of two years, no symptoms of virus infection were detected under inoculation pressure conditions where 79-89% of the susceptible control (G. hirsutum cv. CIM 496) plants were symptomatic. Rolling circle amplification/polymerase chain reaction xiii (RCA/PCR) diagnostics, the most sensitive diagnostic method available to detect geminiviruses in plants, did not detect either CLCuBuV or CLCuMuB in field grown G. arboreum cv. Ravi plants; consistent with the idea that G. arboreum is immune to the virus complex. However, graft inoculation with scions from CLCuD affected G. hirsutum showed firstly that the virus complex can move systemically in the plant and that G. arboreum can respond to virus infections by the production of symptoms. Surprisingly, in a few cases, the disappearance of established symptoms was seen following removal of the graft. In all graft inoculated Ravi plants, after removal of the graft, newly emerging tissues were non-symptomatic and no virus could be detected. These results show that, rather than being immune, G. arboreum is highly resistant to the CLCuD complex and has a high virus/satellite threshold for the induction of symptoms, which whitefly inoculation likely is not able to achieve. The low virus levels detected in G. arboreum suggest that possibly the resistance targets virus/satellite replication and, without a continual source (such as from a graft), the virus/satellite complex is rapidly lost. In small-scale, glasshouse-based insect transmission studies, plants of G. hirsutum cvs. Dominique and Haiti remained symptomless under conditions where all G. hirsutum cv. CIM 496 plants became infected. Graft inoculation showed the Dominique and Haiti plants to be susceptible but showing only mild symptoms, slightly higher than in grafted G. arboreum cv. Ravi plants. The virus/satellite levels in such plants were lower than in the susceptible control but higher than detected in G. arboreum cv. Ravi. Upon removal of the graft, newly developing leaves did not show symptoms and no virus/satellite could be detected. The response to infection seen in G. hirsutum cvs. Dominique and Haiti very much mirrors what was seen for G. arboreum cv. Ravi. Recovery from infection has, for other viruses, been shown to be an RNA interference phenomenon and the results are discussed in light of this possibility. G. hirsutum cvs. Dominique, Haiti, Coker and S-12, as well as G. arboreum cv. Ravi plants were biolistically inoculated with cloned CLCuBuV/CLCuMuB, Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus (CLCuKoV; a begomovirus prevalent in cotton in Pakistan in the 1990s)/CLCuMuB and with RCA products from field-infected G. hirsutum cv. CIM 496 plants shown to be infected with CLCuBuV/CLCuMuB. Only a small number of Coker and S-12 plants, inoculated with cloned xiv CLCuKoV/CLCuMuB, became infected and showed the typical symptoms of CLCuD. Overall the findings indicate that G. hirsutum cvs. Dominique and Haiti harbor a useful resistance to the virus(es) causing CLCuD which should be used for introgression into elite cotton varieties. The results obtained with G. arboreum cv. Ravi indicate that, rather than being a non-host, this harbors extreme resistance to the viruses causing CLCuD and further efforts should be made to characterize the molecular basis for the resistance. Finally the biolistic studies indicate that this can potentially be a useful method for experimentally introducing begomoviruses/satellites into which should be investigated further.