مارک، ایڈورڈ ویسٹر
ایڈورڈ ویسٹر مارک کا انتقال
ایڈورڈ ویسٹر مارک نے جو ایک عرصہ تک لندن یونیورسٹی میں عمرانیات کا پروفیسر تھا، گزشتہ اکتوبر میں انتقال کیا، وہ ایک عمیق النظر فلسفی اور بین الاقوامی شہرت کا مالک تھا، اوائل زندگی میں اس کو خیال پیدا ہوا کہ اخلاقی خیالات اور مذہبی اعتقادات میں گہرا تعلق ہے، چنانچہ اس نقطہ نظر سے اس نے یورپ کے علاوہ دوسری قوموں کے روایات اور اعتقادات کا مطالعہ کرنا چاہا اور اس کے لئے مراکش کو منتخب کیا، اور وہاں جاکر چار سال تک مقیم رہا، یہاں اس نے نہ صرف انسانیاتی معلومات جمع کئے، بلکہ وہاں کے لوگوں طرز زندگی و غور و فکر سے بھی واقفیت حاصل کرکے ان کے رسم و رواج کو آسانی سے سمجھا جو تمدن کے مختلف دور میں پیدا ہوتے رہے، یہاں کی تحقیقات اس نے اپنی مشہور کتاب ’’اخلاقی تخیلات کی ابتدا اور نشوونما‘‘ (The origin and development of moral ideas) میں قلمبند کی جو دو جلدوں میں ۱۹۰۶ء اور ۱۹۰۸ء میں شائع ہوئی تھی، یہ کتاب بہت اہم اور بلند پایہ سمجھی جاتی ہے اور اخلاقیات پر ایک فلسفیانہ مقالہ یا اخلاقی خیالات کی تاریخ کہی جاسکتی ہے، اس کتاب کی خوبی یہ ہے کہ اس میں تحلیلی اور تاریخی تجزیوں میں امتزاج پیدا کرکے یہ دکھایا گیا ہے کہ اخلاقی پسندیدگی اور ناپسندیدگی کی ابتدا معاشرتی تکدر اور تشکر سے ہوتی ہے، ڈاکٹر ویسٹر مارک کی اور دوسری تصنیفات یہ ہیں، مراکش میں انسانی شادی، رسم اور اعتقاد کی تاریخ، (۲)اخلاقی اضافیت، (۳)عیسائی مذہب اور اخلاق۔
(’’ص ۔ ع‘‘، دسمبر ۱۹۳۹ء)
Background and Aim: The majority of people suffered with low back pain (LBP) at least once during their lifetime. As such, LBP is a highly prevalent and costly condition. People respond inappropriately as a result of current or possible risks and establish defensive habits (for example, hyper-vigilance) that aim at avoiding new injuries. A continued reconciling of studies which provide various answers for the same issue will be necessary for treatment decisions. This study is performed to conclude the function of Kinesiophobia and check it on Pain, Disability and Quality of Life in Patients that are suffering from Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review.
Methodology: A Systematic Review has been conducted. Secondary data collected from Electronic database including PubMed, Medline and Cochrain Library from inception to 2010. Total 554 Article found out of which 10 articles included in the study after excluding the duplicate article, Quality screening through Pedro Scale, and article don’t fulfilling the inclusion criteria of the study. Review completed within 9 months after approval of synopsis.
Results: According to this Review total Sample size was 554 with mean Sample size 130±90, mean Age 46±5 years, Mean of Pain Intensity (VAS 0-10) 6.12±1.5, mean Pain Duration 30±14, mean Kinesiophobia Measures (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia 0-68) 37±6.5, mean Disability (Oswestry Disability Index 0-100%) 56±27, mean Quality of Life (SF 36 0-100) 39.17±15.197.
Conclusion: TSK scores showed a statistically significant correlation with Pain, Disability, education level, and SF-36 QOL. As the education level decreases, kinesiophobia scores increase and as kinesiophobia scores increase, Level of disability increases and the quality of life decreases. Patients with kinesiophobia presented greater pain intensity, a greater fear of movement and of performing physical activities and it was also associated with worse quality of life.
Low concentration of boron (B) is essential to plant growth and may limit the growth in excess quantity especially under saline conditions. Limited information was available regarding B toxicity on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under saline conditions. The present studies were conducted to investigate the interactive effect of salinity and B toxicity. Hydroponics and pot studies were conducted at various B levels under normal and saline conditions. First, 10 sunflower genotypes were screened out against salinity in water culture (control, 60,120 and 180 mM NaCl). SF-187 and S-278 were ranked as tolerant to salinity whereas, Hysun-33 and Hysun-38 were categorized as sensitive genotypes against salinity. These genotypes were grown in hydroponics under saline and non-saline conditions and at control, 0.5 and 1.0 mM boron. Physical and chemical characteristics determined showed reduction in shoot fresh and dry weight was more in salt-sensitive genotypes (Hysun-33 and Hysun-38) than in salt tolerant genotypes (SF- 187 and S-278). Salt-tolerant genotypes accumulate less boron and Na + , while more K + in shoot than salt-sensitive genotypes. Root B and K + accumulation were decreased in saline conditions than non-saline conditions while Na + concentration in root increased in saline conditions. Result regarding relative water content (RWC) and membrane stability index (MSI) showed a reduction pattern with the increasing level of boron toxicity both under non-saline and saline conditions. Salt-tolerant genotypes showed more RWC and MSI than salt sensitive genotypes under saline conditions along with boron toxicity. Photosynthetic rate (PR) stomatal conductance (SC) and transpiration rate (TR) were also decreased with salinity and toxic levels of boron, and salt tolerant genotypes showed better response regarding PR, SC and TR than salt sensitive genotypes. Achene yield per plant decreased under saline conditions along with toxic level of boron and salt tolerant genotypes showed less % reduction than salt sensitive genotypes. Boron and potassium concentrations decreased under saline conditions, while Na + concentration increased under saline conditions (alone) and saline condition and B at 5 ppm concentration. Salt- tolerant genotypes had accumulated less Na + and B concentration and more K + concentration in shoot. Genotypes (SF-187 and S-278) were promising genotypes under saline conditions along with boron toxicity and can be directly used by farmers or may be used for the development of more salinity tolerant sunflower genotypes by the breeders.