دنیا اس وقت گلوبل وِلج بن چکی ہے۔ ایک دوسرے سے آزادانہ تجارت ،دفاع،تعلیم ، ٹیکنالوجی ، توانائی اور ماہرین کے تبادلوں کے معاہدے ہو رہے ہیں۔کوئی بھی ملک معاشرتی ، معاشی، تجارتی اور سیاسی طور پر ایک دوسرے کے رابطے اور تعاون کے بغیر نہیں چل سکتا اور یہ وقت کی ضرورت بھی ہے کہ ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ اچھے تعلقات رکھے جائیں ۔ دفاع ، توانائی ، تعلیم ، جدیدٹیکنالوجی ، تجارت، ماہرین اور قرضوں کی وجہ سےمسلمان ممالک عالمی برادری کے ساتھ تعاون پر مجبور ہیں حالانکہ سب سے زیادہ وسائل مسلمانوں کے پاس ہیں لیکن ان وسائل کوصحیح طورپر استعمال نہ کرنے اور آپس میں اتفاق واتحاد نہ ہونے اورصحیح منصوبہ بندی نہ کرنے کی وجہ سے عالمی ادارے اور عالمی برادری مسلمانوں سے اپنی مرضی کے مطابق کام کرواتی ہے، پا لیسیاں تبدیل کرواتی ہے اور ان کی ہدایات پر عمل کرنا ہماری حکومتوں ومقتدرشخصیات کی مجبوری ہے۔ حدود و قصاص سے متعلق قانون سازی اور ان قوانین پر عمل درآمد کے سلسلے میں مسلم دنیا کو بین الاقوامی طور پرعالمی برادری کے رویوں کی وجہ سے کافی مشکلات کا سامنا ہے ۔ یہ مشکلات اور مسائل مندرجہ ذیل ہیں:
Monosodium Glutamate is the scientific name of Chinese salt, which also called Ajinomoto. Monosodium Glutamate was first discovered by the Japanese chemist Ikeda Kibunae in 1908. The MSG was firstly derived from seaweed. Later on MSG was got from meat, gluten, and vegetables etc. It can be derived from Najas ul ‘ain and Gher Najas ul ‘ain things. If it was got from Najas ul ‘ain, then there is a question about MSG that is it halal (permissible/ lawful) or haram (non-permissible/unlawful). This research in this article is concluded that if the culture of MSG is halal or the proper Istihalah has been done in Najas; MSG will be halal (permissible/ lawful). However, where no such details are available about the culture of MSG, it should be avoid, although it cannot be declared haram as per Islamic Jurisprudence rules.
The main objective of this research work was to develop a low cost and efficient retrofitting technique for masonry buildings in Pakistan using indigenous materials, technologies and local skills. Three retrofitting techniques; ferrocement overlay, bed joint reinforcement and grout injection were investigated. Ferrocement overlay, also called reinforced coating, is a technique used for rehabilitation and retrofitting of unreinforced masonry buildings in which a steel welded wire mesh is connected to the surface of masonry wall and then plastered with a rich mortar. The efficacy of reinforced plaster is dependent on the bond between masonry and the plaster coating which is established through connectors, e.g. screws or bolts, and the bond between plaster and masonry. This study was carried out through a number of quasi-static reverse cyclic testing on isolated piers, perforated walls and single room building. Shake table test of half scale model before and after retrofitting was also carried out as part of the study. Damage patterns and the force-deformation parameters such as lateral stiffness, lateral strength, deformation capacity, energy dissipation capacity, etc. of specimens tested before and after retrofitting were studied and compared. It was concluded that the proposed cement-based grout might restore or even improve the pre-damaged state of unreinforced brick masonry buildings. Bed joint reinforcement in combination with grout injection might be utilized for local strengthening of cracked regions. Ferrocement overlay, on the other hand, was found very effective in enhancing the overall seismic performance of unreinforced masonry buildings. When applied to both sides of walls in single and double storey unreinforced masonry building, ferrocement overlay in combination with grout injection increased the lateral strength and stiffness by more than 100% without significantly affecting the deformation and energy dissipating capacities. This technique was found to be more effective on shear- critical piers than rocking-critical piers. This technique is very simple in application because of utilization of locally available materials and with no special skill requirements. This technique is not only simple and efficient but also economical. The total cost of retrofitting (ferrocement overlay and grout injection) is less than 20% of the cost of replacement of the building. Guidelines for the application of ferrocement overlay and grout injection and detailed procedure for the design of the unreinforced buildings retrofitted with ferrocement overlay are developed. A simple analytical model is proposed for the seismic performance evaluation of unreinforced masonry buildings retrofitted with ferrocement overlay. This model is based on results obtained from experimental work and existing formulations for unreinforced masonry buildings and reinforced concrete members and is calibrated with the test results performed as a part of this study. IPerformance modification factors for rocking-critical and shear-critical piers, corresponding to various damaged levels, are also proposed that are required for the performance evaluation of damaged buildings.