استنباطِ احکام میں ضعیف حدیث کا مقام اور فقہاء کی آراء کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ Analytical study of the Status of hadith e Da’eef in the interpretation of rulings and the opinions of the jurists

There are two main sources of Islam, one is the Book of Allah and the other is the Sunnah and Sira of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Qur'an is the final collection of 23 years of divine revelation revealed to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) whose literal and spiritual preservation was undertaken by Allah Almighty Himself. Therefore, the Qur'an is the only book in the world which has one letter, one action and one line in its original state just as it was revealed to the pure heart of the Holy Prophet (sws) and the Holy Prophet (sws). The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) told the Sahaabah. That is why the greatest truth of Islam, the book is the living Qur'an. The second major basis of the reality of Islam is the pure Sira and Sunnah of the Prophet of Humanity, the Servant of the Universe. Like the Qur'an al-Hakim, every moment, every day and every angle of the life of the author of the Qur'an is in front of everyone like an open book with all its mysteries. Even in front of one's own and in front of others. A da’if hadith is a hadith which does not fulfil the conditions of the sahih or hassan hadith. Ruling: There is a difference of opinion between the ‘ulema on the ruling on acting upon weak hadiths. The reliable opinion is that weak hadiths can be acted upon for virtuous supererogatory deeds (fada’il al a’mal), for religious exhortation, and stories, and similar things that are not connected to legal rulings and tenants of belief. Keywords: Hadith, Hadith e Da’eef, Derivation of Ahkaam, Jurists, Different opinions.

Development, Characterization and Non-Invasive in Vivo Evaluation of Cosmetic Emulgels Loaded With Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry Fruit Extracts

In recent era plant derived antioxidants have gained vital importance to cure various skin disorders such as, acne, hyper-pigmentation, inflammation, aging and dry skin. As synthetic antioxidants have many adverse effects, the current study aimed to develop and stabilizes a carrier system in the form of topical oil-in-water emulgels; loaded with various fruit extracts i.e. Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry; their in-vitro characterization and in-vivo evaluation on human volunteer‘s facial skin. Fruit extracts of Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry were effectively prepared. Free radical scavenging activities of three fruit extracts were determined by DPPH assay. Total flavonoids and phenolic contents of these extracts were also determined quantitatively. Stable antioxidant emulgels; E1 (Strawberry), E2 (Blackberry) and E3 (Raspberry); of oil-in-water type were formulated by using an appropriate combination of oily and aqueous phases loaded with fresh fruit extracts (4%) of Strawberry, Raspberry and (5%) of Blackberry and Base without extract. In-vitro characterization was based to observe the changes in physical stability (liquefaction, colour, conductivity, pH, SPF, centrifugation and rheological parameters) of all these active formulations and base which were kept at four different storage temperatures i.e. 8°C, 25°C, 40°C and 40°C+75%RH for a time period of 12 weeks to assess stability characteristics as per criteria of stability guidelines. In-vivo characteristics was based to evaluate the effects of active formulations (E1, E2, E3) on various skin parameters such as melanin, erythema, moisture contents, sebum contents, elasticity and surface evaluation of living skin (SELS) parameters on facial skin of human female volunteers for study period of 12 weeks. The study was controlled, single blinded with three groups (E1, E2, E3) having 13 volunteers each. Statistical tools of ANOVA technique at 5% level of significance and paired sample t-test were used to evaluate the results obtained. Antioxidant activities of Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry were 85%, 80% and 87% respectively. Active formulations (E1, E2, E3) containing fruit extracts 4%, 5% and 4% respectively as well as Base showed good pH, stability, conductivity, SPF and rheology, for three months in-vitro investigational period. Active formulations E1, E2 and E3 showed significant (P < 0.05) effects while Base showed insignificant (P > 0.05) changes in decrease of skin melanin, erythema and sebum while an increase in skin moisture content. Active formulations showed significant effects on SELS i.e. SEr (skin roughness), SEsc (skin scaliness), SEsm (skin smoothness) and SEw (skin wrinkles) parameters in comparison to base. SELS (SEr, SEsc and SEw) depicted significant decrease while SEsm (skin smoothness) showed significant increase after topical application of active formulations (E1, E2, and E3) in comparison to base. It can be concluded that final formula was appropriate for developing stable antioxidant emulgels E1, E2 and E3 containing fruit extracts of strawberry, blackberry and raspberry respectively; which remain cost effective and safe to use for human skin, improving patient compliance.