Atiya Fyzee, Shibli, and Iqbal: English as a Social Butterfly

Taking an ‘analogical’ approach to the issue, this study reads the saga of Atiya Fyzee’s relationship with Shibli Nomani and Allama Iqbal as a plausible allegory of the transforming cultural relationship of the Muslims of the subcontinent with English (in what this term comes to mean as a language, as a discipline of studies, and as a synecdoche of Western culture). The history of this cultural interaction since the British colonization I have divided into three broad phases: the initial, the middle, and the present. The initial phase I earlier dealt with by exploiting Sheikh Muhammad Ikram’s analogy, later employed by Nasir Abbas Nayyar, that Shibli’s attitude towards English was the same as his attitude towards his step-mother at home. English, in other words, was a stepmother for Shibli, and for the generations represented through his figure in this early phase of cultural interaction of the Muslims of the subcontinent with the language. The present paper focuses on how one can analogically read in the personal histories of the representative figures of this culture the stories of how in the subcontinent the larger cultural reception of English gradually changed from being treated as a ‘step-mother’(and hence forging with her a relationship of cultural exchange) to being treated as a ‘social butterfly’ or a ‘social sweetheart’, as a symbol of liberal humanist high culture, and how such terms of cultural engagement with English were unacceptable to both Shibli and Iqbal. The paper closes on how even this image of English as high culture gradually dissolved with the cultural disintegration wrought by an ever-increasing and relentless consumerist culture in the postcolonial times.

Enhancement of Properties of Zirconia-Based Ceramic Composites by Controlling the Characteristics of Reinforcement Species

The purpose of the present work was to develop high strength ZrO2 based composites with the use of Al2O3 whiskers as reinforcement, which could be able to meet the modern needs of load bearing structural and biomedical materials. For this purpose, 3mol% Y2O3 doped tetragonal (TZ-3Y) was used as the matrix material. The alumina whiskers were formed in situ during calcination and sintering from Aluminum Ammonium Carbonate Hydroxide (AACH) whiskers, which were in turn produced by hydrothermal synthesis technique using urea and aluminum nitrate as precursor materials. It was found that the morphology of AACH structures was dependent on the urea content forming urchin like structures at lower urea concentration, which transformed into whiskers as the urea content was increased. After the preparation of alumina whisker reinforcement, the second most important study was the optimization of alumina whisker content in the Al2O3(w)-TZ-3Y composites to achieve best mechanical properties. With increasing the whisker concentration, the hardness increased up to 10 wt% addition and then decreased. It was because the higher concentrations of whiskers resisted particle rearrangement resulting in introduction of porosity in sintered products. Consequently, 10wt% alumina whisker content was taken as optimum. To improve the uniform distribution of alumina whiskers in the matrix further, deflocculants were also employed and their optimized concentrations were determined. 1.0 wt% cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) gave the best results as a dispersant. Optimization of sintering temperature was also very important. It was observed that 1400oC was a too low temperature for complete sintering process and resulted in poor mechanical properties of the sintered product, which were attributed to incomplete removal of porosity. On the other hand, temperatures higher than 1500oC were too high. At 1650oC, the whiskers were diffused and formed alumina rich grains losing their whisker-like morphology. However, the best mechanical properties were observed for the sample sintered at 1500oC, which was decided as the optimized sintering temperature for Al2O3(w)-TZ- 3Y composite. Effect of sintering temperature on low temperature phase stability of the composite was also studied. Higher sintering temperature was useful for the hydrothermal stability of tetragonal phase in whisker-reinforced composites, although such sintering temperatures were deleterious for tetragonal phase stability in monolithic TZ-3Y. A composition 10 wt% Al2O3(w)-TZ-3Y with 1wt% CTAB, sintered at 1500oC was concluded as the best composite having better reinforcement dispersion, high density, excellent mechanical properties and improved hydrothermal stability of tetragonal phase. Furthermore, to investigate the possibility of using the aforementioned optimized composite as bioactive material, its biocompatibility was improved by incorporating the Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles, synthesized through precipitation technique, into the composites. It was observed, that although the increase in the HAp content resulted in improving the biocompatibility but it was deleterious for mechanical properties of the composite. The optimized sintering temperature was also lowered due to decomposition of HAp at higher temperatures. Consequently, a composite with 30wt% HAp sintered at 1400oC was assessed as the optimized composition for bio- composite applications.