امام جلال الدین سیوطی کی الخصائص الکبری کا اسلوب ومنہج

Imām Jalāl-ud-Dīn Suyūtī (d.911 A.H.)– a great personality of Islām, devoted his entire life for the services of Islām. He authored a number of books on multiple disciplines of Islām. One worth-mentioning contribution of Imām Suyūtī is his book ‘Al Khaṣāiṣ al Kubra’. A number of Arab researchers have compiled analytical research works on specific topics and certain chapters of the book. However, a collective analysis on the pattern and methodology of the book is not present so far. Therefore, this article deals with a holistic and collective discussion on the approach and patterns of the book for the first time in Urdu language. The article enlightens its readers with a comprehensive introduction of the book in the beginning. However, lately, it thoroughly reviews and analyzes the style and method of Imām Jalāl-ud-Dīn Suyūtī. Moreover, the article also contains details of the significance and genuine qualities of the book along with its distinctive features. The study concludes that the worthwhile work of Imām Jalāl-ud-Dīn Suyutī in this particular field deserves to be acknowledged genuinely.

Pathological and Comparative Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus of Sub-Genotypes Vi G and Vi M in Pigeons

Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) cause infection in avian species including both poultry and non-poultry worldwide. It is an extremely contagious disease also affecting vaccinated birds. Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in Pakistan, viruses of sub-genotype VIIi in genotype VII, and sub-genotype VIg and Vim in genotypes VI of class II is continually effecting the pigeons and poultry production facilities. The identification and characterization of these viruses in poultry and non-poultry species is necessary in order to create realistic strategies for preventing and controlling NDV outbreaks. Genotype VI are also termed as pigeon paramyxoviryus-1, are frequently isolated and cause disease from the columbidae family. In this study, two PPMV-1 strains isolated from outbreaks in Lahore district were characterized by pathotypically, genotypically and detailed clinicopathologic assessment. The intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) values for pigeon/Pak/Lahore/SA_1/2017 and pigeon/Pak/Lahore/SA_2/2017 were 1.51 and 1.52 respectively. The complete genome analysis based on full F gene coding sequences of two pigeon origin isolates from Lahore in 2017, along with previously published NDV strains available in GenBank was conducted. Analysis of F gene showed clustering of the isolates with genotype VI g and VI m. The genetic distance and phylogenetic analysis showed comparison with class II genotypes including vaccine strains. Both the strains were up to 10% genetically distant from LaSota (genotype II) isolate. Additionally, when compared for nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence comparison several mutations were observed. The analysis of F and HN gene functional domains and receptor sites displayed conserved and mutated sequences. Results of genome analysis suggested that PPMV-1 isolates had antigenic variations from vaccine strain LaSota. For histopathological examination pigeon groups were challenged with pi/Lhr/SA_1/17 and pi/Lhr/SA_2/17 strains. Although severe clinical signs were not observed but microscopic results revealed lesions in multiple tissues from selected organs. Though limited data is available in Pakistan, this study will assist in introducing new control strategies and preventive measures for PPMV-1 outbreaks.