ریاست مدینہ کی ترقی اور دفاع میں نوجوان صحابہ کا کردار

Youth is the real asset of any nation as it plays an important and significant role in the development of society. Youngsters are the future of any nation as they take the charge of the promotion and progress of the society. If youth of a nation stands corrupted the entire nation slides into regression and decadence. But if the youth of a society treads the right path the entire nation succeeds both here and hereafter. Adolescence is a time when a person undergoes changes both physically intellectually. This study was basically designed to explore the role of young companions of Holy Prophet (ﷺ) in the defense and development of Islamic state Madīnah. The approach applied for the collection and analysis of data was qualitative and descriptive. The review of literature uncovered that the young companions, progress the in role cardinal a played (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet of advancement, defense, and development of the society. The Holy Prophet young of education and training the towards attention special paid (صلى الله عليه وسلم) companion which enhanced their capacity and level of motivation and led them to work with enthusiasm. The kind behavior of our Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) enabled them to transform their selves, their families, Meccah, Madīnah and the surroundings of the these sacred cities. Within the shortest possible period they spread the peaceful message of Islam and brought a positive change in the society and particularly established the peace in Madīnah. They built a strong defense of Madīnah from internal and external challenges and laid strong foundations for social, moral, economic and political development of the Islamic state Madīnah. It is, therefore, recommended to encourage the youth of Pakistan to make them realize their duties towards Pakistan and Islam so that they can play a significant role in the development and progress of Islam and Pakistan.

Evaluation of Esterases and Phosphatases in Three Strains of Callosobruchus Chinensis and Rhyzopertha Dominica Treated With Plant Extracts and Synthetic Pyrethroids

Stored grains have been attacked by different insect species for many years. To protect stored grains from insect attack, various control measures have been suggested. Current research was initiated in order to assess five plant extracts and three synthetic pyrethroids for their toxic and repellent efficiency and their effect on progeny inhibition of three strains of Callosobruchus chinensis and Rhyzopertha dominica. These treatments were also studied for their subsequent effects on the certain esterases and phosphatases enzymes of test insects. Azadirachta indica extract and deltamethrin were more effective. Significant mortality was obtained at the highest concentrations, after maximum exposure time. C. chinensis mortality with A. indica was 81.10, 69.23 and 86.82% in FSD, MLN and NNS strains respectively. 100% mortality was achieved with deltamethrin for all strains of C. chinensis. R. dominica mortality with A. indica was 65.19, 60.74 and 84.96% FSD, MLN and NNS strains respectively. Deltamethrin resulted in 95.56, 95.56 and 97.75% mortality of R. dominica Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. A. indica resulted in 79.99, 66.67 and 80.81% progeny inhibition of C. chinensis Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. 66.77, 60.32 and 70.40% reduction in progeny production of C. chinensis was achieved with deltamethrin, in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. A. indica caused 90.22, 88.01 and 92.23% progeny inhibition of R. dominica in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. Progeny inhibition of R. dominica was 90.46, 80.93 and 97.14% in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively with deltamethrin. In repellency bioassay, A. indica resulted in 93.33, 90.67 and 94.67% repellency in C. chinensis Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain, respectively. With deltamethrin repellency was 92.00, 90.67 and 97.33% in C. chinensis Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. Percentage repellency in in case of R. dominica was 94.67, 85.33 and 92.00 in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively, with A. indica. Repellency recorded with deltamethrin, in R. dominica was 90.67, 89.33 and 92.67% in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. In case of enzymatic analysis, the inhibition of treatments was compared with the control. With A. indica treatment, in C. chinensis FSD strain, maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was 45.82, 29.98, 61.38, 43.65 and 50.81% respectively, 57.14, 39.98, 58.24, 41.04 and 50.58% respectively in MLN strain and 41.31, 28.87, 61.67, 45.24 and 50.32% respectively in NNS strain. Using M. azadirach, in C. chinensis FSD strain, maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was 55.82, 29.98, 53.37, 45.48 and 51.30% respectively, 63.81, 39.98, 52.67, 43.65 and 50.33% respectively in MLN strain and 51.98, 31.10, 52.84, 47.96 and 50.57% respectively in NNS strain. In pyrethroids, cypermethrin mostly resulted in high inhibition of enzymes. So, with cypermethrin maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was19.14, 18.54, 47.65, 36.33 and 42.45% respectively, in C. chinensis FSD strain, 37.14, 21.09, 48.42, 36.33 and 39.12% respectively, in MLN strain and 14.96, 17.43, 46.95, 38.32 and 39.99% respectively in NNS strain. In R. dominica FSD strain, treated with A. indica maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was 39.42, 43.77, 47.79, 41.38 and 52.30% respectively, 37.57, 39.94, 47.31, 41.90 and 48.46% respectively in MLN strain and 40.41, 45.99, 51.59, 42.15 and 50.51% respectively in NNS strain. With M. azadirach treatment, in R. dominica FSD strain, maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was 40.83, 42.94, 45.71, 40.47 and 47.84% respectively, 39.70, 39.94, 44.13, 40.99 and 43.86% respectively in MLN strain and 41.83, 45.17, 51.59, 42.15 and 50.51% respectively in NNS strain. Using pyrethroids, enzymes inhibition was recorded maximum in R. dominica NNS strain with cypermethrin, which resulted in 34.03, 43.80, 49.45, 31.41 and 48.34% inhibition of AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE respectively as compared to the control treatment.