کنیڈی
گذشتہ مہینے مسٹر کنیڈی کاقتل دنیا کاسب سے زیادہ الم انگیز واقعہ بھی ہے اور خصوصاً اس ملک کے حکمرانوں کے لیے سبق آموز و عبرت انگیز بھی! الم انگیز اس لیے کہ مسٹر کنیڈی اپنے دل ودماغ کے غیر معمولی اوصاف وکمالات کے باعث ایک نہایت وقیع اور بلند پایہ شخصیت کے مالک تھے۔اُن کے یہی وہ کمالات تھے جنھوں نے دوبرس کے اندر ہی کم عمر وجوان ہونے کے باوصف ان کو بین الاقوامی دنیا کاہر دلعزیز ہیرو اور لیڈر بنادیا تھا اور سبق آموز وعبرت انگیز! وہ اس لیے کہ ایک طرف دنیا کی سب سے زیادہ طاقت ورمتمول اور ترقی یافتہ حکومت کاجوان وکم سال سربراہ ہے جس کے لیے عیش وتنعم کی زندگی بسرکرنے میں نہ کوئی رکاوٹ ہے اور نہ اُس کے اسباب کی کمی ۔مگراس کے باوجود اپنے ملک کی مظلوم ومقہور اقلیتوں کی دادرسی کااُس نے جو عزم اوراعلان کیاہے اُس میں وہ اس درجہ سچا، پختہ اوراستوار ہے کہ اُس کی اپنی قوم سخت منحرف ہوکر اُس کی جان کی دشمن ہوگئی ہے لیکن اسے اس کی ذرا پروا نہیں، وہ جوکہتا ہے اُسے کرگزرتا ہے۔یہاں تک کہ اسی راہِ حق وصداقت میں وہ جان بھی دے بیٹھتا ہے اور دوسری طرف اس ملک کے حکمراں ہیں کہ اقلیتوں کے دستور ی حقوق کی حفاظت و نگرانی کے بلند بانگ دعوے کرتے ہیں مگر اکثریت جس کی حمایت اُن کے اقتدار کاسہارا ہے اُس کی ناراضگی کے ڈرسے بہت سے زبانی اور کاغذی وعدے خوابِ پریشاں سے زیادہ کوئی حقیقت نہیں رکھتے۔ وہاں فرض شناسی ہے اور یہاں خودغرضی۔ وہاں ایمان داری، حق گستری اوراس کے لیے جاں سپاری ہے اور یہاں بے ایمانی کوتاہ نظری اور بزدلی ۔ فاعتبرویااولی الابصار۔
[دسمبر ۱۹۶۳ء]
Islam is a complete code of life and dominant upon all the faculties of life. Along with creed faith and worship, Islam has emphasized on the affairs of daily life. In the connotation of affairs all the components of sale and purchase mentioned in detail. Accordingly, there is a provision if someone sell a thing to another and the buyer is not eligible to pay the price then there should be written a statement in the presence of two witnesses to pay the price in fix time. If there is neither witness nor the arrangement of writing, so there should be mortgaged something from the buyer. When the buyer pay a loan then the seller should return the mortgaged thing. The originality of mortgage is for the protection of loan not for profit. In present era the purpose of mortgage has changed and is done it for getting profit. Although some imams and Ahl-e-Zawaher provide the capacity for getting profit, so the Jamhoor and Ahnaf don’t allow anyone to get it. To change the original shape of mortgage is illegitimate and is considered as usury. If there is no custom in a certain territory and the man who offer loan does not intend to get profit then with the permission of the person who has received loan __provides the facility to get profit, However to avoid this practice is far better in shariah. In the article understudy the originality of mortgage and dissension among different Imams to get profit from it has been discussed. In the end a crucial statement has been mentioned.
Pakistan produces massive amount of crop residue with high bulk volume and low density. This residue is difficult to handle, transport, and store. Only a little amount of energy is recovered from it due to inefficient techniques while remaining is wasted. Farmers often use on site disposal via burning to remove this residue which results in release of enormous amount of harmful gases to the environment due to incomplete combustion. There is need to have modern technologies to convert loose biomass residue into dense, well-shaped product like briquettes that would be easy to burn and sustainable to the environment. Moreover, these energy blocks in the form of briquettes can be utilized in energy extraction systems as an alternative of wood and expensive fossil fuels (crude oil, natural gas and coal). Specially, deployment in electricity power generation plants can provide huge relieve from the energy shortage in the country. The present study shows the development, optimization and performance evaluation of intermediate pressure briquettes forming machine, working on mechanical piston press technology with production capacity ≈300 kg/m3 and produces 85 mm diameter briquettes. To develop it locally available material, technology and man power was used to reduce the cost of machine. Concavity of machine’s die was optimized at 20° tapered. It was optimized based on durability, density and compressible strength of briquettes at 20% moisture content, 9 mm particle size and 300° Cmould (die) temperature using a specific binder ratio i.e. crop residue: slurry: starch = 12:3:1. Comparison of Exhaust gases (CO, CO2, NOx and SO2) analysis of the raw biomass and briquettes showed that burning of briquettes released from 43 to 6 times less toxic gases as compared to their loose straws and conventional solid fuels. Payback period and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of briquettes formation plant were calculated as eight months and 1.25 respectively.So, economical, environment friendly and good quality solid fuel was produced from crop residue.