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Thesis Info

Author

Bilal Ahmed

Supervisor

Adnan Qureshi

Department

Department of Computer Science

Program

BCS

Institute

COMSATS University Islamabad

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Computer Science

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-07 12:40:59

ARI ID

1676720048877

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الیکشن میں دھاندلی

الیکشن میں دھاندلی

                 جب سے ملک میں پارلیمانی انتخابات ہو رہے ہیں تب سے ہی پاکستان میں انتخابی دھاندلی بھی ہورہی ہے۔اب تک جتنے انتخابات ہو چکے ہیں اس میں سے کوئی بھی ایسا نہیں گزرا جب میں عوام کی رائے کو بدل دینے یا پھر طاقت کے زور پہ اقتدار حاصل کرلینے کا الزام نہ لگایاگیاہو۔ جب بھی انتخابات شروع ہوتے ہیں تو دھاندلی کے نت نئے طریقے بھی دریافت ہونا شروع ہوجاتے ہیں۔بات کبھی جیلش ووٹوں اور کبھی نتیجے کو بدل دینے پہ آکر ختم ہوجاتی،حد سے تجاویز تب کر تی جب قتل وغارت عام ہو جاتی۔پولنگ کا وقت ختم ہونے کے بعد بھی اپنی مرضی کے ووٹ یا مطلوبہ مقدار کے مطابق ووٹنگ کرلی جاتی ہے۔اسے ہم پری پولنگ دھاندلی کہتے ہیں۔یعنی پہلے سے ہی یہ طے کرلینا کسی صوبے کو کتنی نشستیں دی جائیں۔اس میں اس بات کو بھی مدنظر رکھا جاتاہے کہ کسی بھی صوبے کو ملنے والی نشستوں کی تعداد اس کی آبادی کے مطابق ہوتی ہے۔ کیونکہ اگر کہیں آبادی زیادہ ہیاور اسے کم بتایا جائے تواس طرح ضلع کی ووٹنگ کی قوت کو بھی کمزور ،طاقت وریا مضبوط دکھایا جاسکتا ہے۔اس لیے اس سے یہ نتیجہ نکلتاہے کہ جہاں بھی دھاندلی کی جاتی ہے وہ ہے جیری مینڈرنگ اس کا مطلب ہے کہ حلقہ بندیاں کرنا یعنی ایک فریق  جو بہت زیادہ لوگوں کی حمایت رکھتاہے۔اس کے باوجود بھی اسے دوسرے فریق کے مقابلے  میں نقصان اٹھانا پڑے۔اس سے دو بڑ ے مقاصد سامنے آتے ہیں ایک تو جب مخالفین کی حمایت  کم ہوجاتی ہے تو وو ٹر بھی ایک ہی ضلع تک خود کو محدود کرلیتے ہیں۔

                یہ سب سے براطریقہ کار ہوتا ہے کیونکہ یہ بنددروازوں کے پیچھے ہوتا ہے۔ اگر انصاف پسندی سے کام لیا جائے...

MIND THE GAP DISCRIMINATION AND MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES AMONG FEMALE PHYSICAL THERAPISTS

Gender matters and has an impact, and it is intended to encourage readers to think about this important issue in clinical practice, education, research, and a wider context of public health1. Due to the dearth of gender theoretical knowledge that has been discovered within the field of physiotherapy, there are still many difficulties that women must overcome in today's world of gender equality and feminism for women's rights2. Historically, women are predominated in the physiotherapy profession, although this has gradually changed throughout the years3. According to Chartered Society of Physiotherapists (CSP) data for both practicing and non-practicing physiotherapists, the gender split changed from 76% female to 24% male to 74% female to 26% male between 2017 and 2020. Although women make up more than 50% of the physiotherapy workforce globally, they make up fewer than 50% of executive positions in national physiotherapy associations3.

Exploring the Perceptions of Parents and Girls About Girls Education in a Kachi Abadi of Karachi, Pakistan

he study explores perceptions of parents and girls about girls' education. The participants belong to a slum area, Gareeb Abad of Karachi. The only source of earning in the community is burning the dumped garbage to find valuables which they sell to earn some income. This study was conducted under qualitative research paradigm. Focus group discussions and individual interviews were the main data collection methods. Two groups participated in the study; one group had parents who sent their daughters to school and the girls who were going to school. The other group included parents who did not send their daughters to school and the girls who were not going to school. However, the findings of the study revealed very little difference in the two groups' perceptions about girls' education. The study found that the parents and girls know the usefulness of girls' education. However, they interpreted girls' education to improve girls' efficiency in their future role as wives and mothers. Parents' and girls' perceptions about why not educating girls emerged as a strong theme of the study. Poverty along with patriarchal structure of society influenced parents' and girls' views about importance of girls' education. The study found that parents felt investment in girls' education would not bear them any return as they would be eventually leaving their parents after marriage. Furthermore, grown up girls' independent mobility for schooling was also seen by parents as risking family honour. This conception also leads to early marriages in this community. For girls, early marriage was their conformity to parents as they did not see any other reason for early marriages. The study found community has been living in a semi-nomadic life to earn their living. The garbage, according to governments' instruction, is buried which deprived the residents from their livelihood. Now many of these residents are compelled to move to the areas where garbage is still available. This move also takes parents and girls away from school leading to diminishing prospects of girls getting any education.