Proposing Sociological Research on Children Health Problems in Pakistan

Like many low-income countries, Pakistan is facing children’s health problems. The major health problems affecting children in the country are Pneumonia, Diarrhoea, Measles, Malaria and malnutrition. There is much research has already been conducted on biomedical and epidemiological aspects of these health problems, but little is known about the social and cultural dimensions of children’s health issues. This paper attempts to propose the sociological research on children’s health problems in Pakistan with the emic focus on local context. The proposed future research may mainly be situated in the interpretivist paradigm of qualitative inquiry. Thus, it will contribute in up-scaling the very basic understanding of the meaning formed by people about social determinants of prevailing children health problems and their potential hazardous consequences in Pakistan.

Investigation of Various Sediment and Flow Parameters upon Three Dimensional Flow Using Numerical Model

The aim of this research work was to investigate and increase the understanding of three dimensional flow behavior under changing conditions of flow and sediments. The goal was achieved by using a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics model FLUENT. The geometry selected for this study is that of a meandering compound channel. The parameters which were changed in this research work include the width of floodplain along with main channel width, overbank flow depth, incoming discharge, bed slope of the main channel and floodplains and roughness of the channel and floodplains. The research work was conducted by using different turbulence models. Among them are standard k - e , Re-normalization Group (RNG) theory based k - e and k - w turbulence models. These three models were applied for one case. Once the capability of k - e model was established after comparison with results of other models, then only k - e was used in the remaining part of the work. The data obtained from a physical model study in the laboratory was used for the validation of simulated results. The validation was done through a comparison of observed and calculated values of depth averaged velocities, total discharge at a section & point velocities. After validation, the CFD model was used to predict and investigate those aspects of flow which were difficult to get through experiments and for which experimentation was not conducted in the laboratory. These aspects include turbulence intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, pressure distribution on different cross sections of the channel and surface velocity magnitudes. As far as the sediments study is concerned, the Lagrangian particle tracking technique was used to predict the changes in bed levels at apex of the meander wavelength. Sediment particles with different diameters were used for this purpose. A total of eight flow cases were considered for the study of flow field. Each case varies from the other on the basis of (i) geometry or (ii) bed slope or (iii) depth of overbank flow or a combination of these. This work also proved the capability of standard k - e turbulence closure models in prediction of 3D overbank flows. Keywords: Sediment transport, CFD modeling, Flood flows, Numerical techniques, Turbulent kinetic energy.