بیوی کے نفقے کاقضیہ: شرعی اور عصری (پاکستانی) قوانین کے تناظر میں ایک علمی جائزہ

In Islamic point of view, the family is an institution that starts from the legal bond of marriage. The marriage is a contract that confirms the mutual rights of husband and wife. Including the other rights, one is the provision of maintenance to wife. The wife having leaving  her family and making a life time compromise to live with her husband reserves the right to be exempted from all kind of financial obligations. In Islamic family system, the husband is responsible both in legal and moral angles, to support his wife and provide the maintenance according to his financial status. Likewise, the wife has the right to demand the provision of maintenance from her husband. In time of none Provision, she can take this right through court. The wife reserves this right only if she is willing to live with her husband and does not disobey her husband’s reasonable orders. If it is so, then the stand for provision of maintenance shall be treated as invalid. In this paper, the matter of maintenance provision and its related problems have been discussed in contrast with the Pakistan family Laws which will provide a profound knowledge to the readers.

Health Care Organization of Afghan Refugees and Host Population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Servant Leadership Assessment in 2012

Two Health Care Organisations (HCOs) were assessed in this research; HCO 1 for Afghan refugees and HCO 2 for Pakistani citizens, residing in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. The level of Servant Leadership (SL) being practiced in these organisations was assessed. The two organisations were analysed separately, followed by their comparative analysis. The study explored the organisational strength and weakness, association of seven demographic factors with SL, the gap in perception between the leadership (top leadership and management) and workforce, and association of job satisfaction with SL. Finally, the level of ease-to-reform these organisations was analysed. Methods It was a quantitative research, which used a pre-designed, self-administered instrument – Organisational Leadership assessment (OLA) – to record the perception of the employees about the practice of servant leadership in their respective organisations. 574 employees (HCO 1: 200; HCO 2: 374) were selected through a stratified random sampling technique. Results It was found that the HCO for Afghan refugees had better status having Moderate Health and positive paternalistic culture. HCO 2 had Limited Health and was negative paternalistic. Builds Community was the strength and Develops People was the weakness of both the organisations. Almost all the selected demographic factors had no association with SL. 35 out of 40 correlations were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Statistical analysis showed that the gap in perception between leaders/managers and workforce about the practice of SL was not significant (p > 0.05) in both the organisations. The level of job satisfaction was satisfied and average for HCO 1 and 2, respectively. Association of job satisfaction to SL was strong (r = 0.5 – 1), positive and highly significant (p < 0.01). Ease-to-reform was high for both the organisations. Conclusions All the sections of employees perceived that both the organisations fell short of the servant-organisation level and the very satisfied degree of job satisfaction. Since the potential for reform was high, a reform program is required to be initiated to make these organisations servant-oriented. It has to focus on all the segments of the employees because the demographic factors do not affect perception about SL. An additional conclusion was drawn during literature review; it was observed that either we are unable to define leadership properly or classify it according to the spirit of that definition.