DOSE-DEPENDENT ANTI-DEPRESSANT EFFECT OF CITRUS PARADISI IN REHABILITATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

With advancement in the modern world, psychological issues, including anxiety and depression has become the leading cause of mental illness. Herbal products have been explored to observe their effects in helping such conditions and citrus fruits are found to be among these helping tools. To study this, current research was designed to explore the antidepressant effects of Citrus paradisi in various doses on rodents. Swiss Albino mice were used and fresh extract of Citrus paradisi was prepared. Imipramine was used as the standard drug. Ethical approval was taken from the Board of Advanced Studies, University of Karachi. The animals were divided into controlled, standard and test groups. All the animals were recruited from the animal house of University of Karachi. Forced Swimming Test was used to analyses the efficacy. It is a standard test, which is commonly used to evaluate the behavioral response in animals using a cylinder at room temperature. After the completion of dosing and monitoring the animals for 30 days, it was observed that marked improvement in the test animal’s behavior with significant p-values indicating that the extract has improved the animal’s psychological response towards the external stress and animals showed noteworthy improvement in the mobile phase as compared to the immobile phase. It can be concluded from the experimental results that protocol established in this study can be used as an alternative for patients suffering with depression as an herbal option, keeping in mind the other co morbidities of patient and drug interactions of Citrus paradisi.

Atomic Hyperentanglement: Generation and Applications

Quantum mechanics is entirely counterintuitive and exhibits a multitude of mysterious traits. In this entanglement is one of the earliest and most debated mystery highlighting nonlocality and anti-realism at its zenith. This phenomenon at one side helped to clear philosophical foundations of the theory whereas at the other end, the same phenomenon is being exploited for protocols of quantum information processing (QIP) and quantum communication. Most of these earlier entanglement generation and applications research employed the single qubit while minimizing physical resources as well as the systems with long decoherence times. Exploration of hyperentangled state is one of the milestones towards this quantum revolution because hyperentangled states tremendously boost quantum information and communication capacity due to their high information content per quantum entity. Till now, mostly the engineering and manipulation of such states were, however, limited to the photonic systems only. In the present thesis, we propose the schemes for atomic hyperentanglement generation and applications through applying state of the art tool of Atomic Bragg Diffraction (ABD). We present entangled states consisting of atomic internal energy levels as well as atomic external momenta states for generation of atomic hypersuperposition, hyperentangled cluster-, Bell- and GHZ-states engineered deterministically through resonant and off-resonant Bragg diffraction of neutral twolevel atoms in conjunction with semi-classical atom-field interaction along classical momenta axes. Further we propose Remote State Preparation through these atomic hyperentangled states and prepare upto N-atoms state remotely. Our RSP scheme certainly offers high capacity quantum communication with good fidelity as these atomic hyperentangled states have minimum risk of decoherence and provide evident benefits of full controllability along with extremely high detection efficiency over the counterpart photonic states. We have also employed an atomic hypersuperposition state, duly pre- and post-selected, to investigate Quantum Cheshire Cat (QCC) paradox and proposed an Atomic Cheshire Cat (ACC) that strangely enough exhibit energy signature of atom in that arm of ABD interferometer where no atom is detected in momentum space. Finally thesis concludes with a general discussion as well as marking the feasibility of presented proposals for applications in quantum communications and in explorations related to foundational issues of quantum mechanics.