انعقاد رمضان و عیدین میں رؤیت قمر كی شرط كی حكمت

According to the Prophetic injunction, the fasting in the month of Ramadan, end of the fasting in that month, and determination of Eid al-Adha date should be based on moon sighting by at least two authentic persons. But due to advanced lunar movement calculations majority of Muslim nations prefer the lunar calendar in determining dates of Ramadan and the two Islamic festivals, 6d al-Filr and Eid al-Adha. This article attempts to prove that a pre-calculated lunar calendar cannot be the basis of determining the dates of the fasting month and Islamic festive days; and the only Islamic way to begin fasting month and celebrate festive days is moonsighting.

The Effects of Procedural & Distributive Justice, Job Satisfaction & Organizational Commitment upon Organizational Citizenship Behavior Ocb in Government Organizations

Organizational Citizenship Behavior or "extra-role behavior" has received a great deal of attention from organizational behavior researchers in the last two decades. Unfortunately, because inquisitions into this topic are still at an early stage, relatively little is yet known about the antecedents of, or key influences on, OCB. In present investigation I looked at prognostic power of these four variables as antecedents of OCB (distributive justice, procedural justice, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction). For that a hierarchical regression analysis was carried out using OCB as the dependent variable. Research also intended to unmask that whether there is any relation between methods of performance monitoring and OCB and what type of effects performance monitoring has on dimensions of OCB which employee exhibit. Because my hypotheses examine the relationships among the methods of monitoring, dimensions of justice, and citizenship behaviors, I first analyzed the data using a nested-models analysis and then looked at the significance of the individual paths. In conclusion, overall, the results provide limited encouragement for the familiar compensatory model of relationships among the leader monitoring behaviours, perceptions of justice, and OCB. Informal discussions formal meetings were found to have a direct and positive relationship with altruism, courtesy and conscientiousness, conflicting with the overall negative relationship hypothesized between monitoring and OCB. Similarly, distributive justice was found to have a significant, negative relationship with the four out of five OCB dimensions, instead of the hypothesized positive relationships. Results does not approved that the exceptional variance in organizational citizenship behavior will be expounded via Organizational commitment Comparisons of findings show that satisfaction in job confirms solid association to Organizational Citizenship Behavior, tracked by organizational commitment, Interactional justice, and distributive justice.