باتوں سے بھی آگے تری سانسوں میں رہیں گے
دن جب بھی پھرے ہم تری راتوں میں رہیں گے
دوڑیں گے ترے جسم میں ہم بن کے محبت
ہم زندہ ترے عشق حوالوں میں رہیں گے
ہے قحط اگر وصل کا اس دشتِ جنوں میں
ہم ہجر زدہ آس کے ناتوں میں رہیں گے
اے ابرِ محبت! نہ ترا پہلو ملا تو
ہم صیدِ قفس ہجر کی گھاتوں میں رہیں گے
خوشبو ہے کہ سایہ ہے مرا، گل کہ فضاؔ ہے
اک خواب ہے، ہم ایسے ہی خوابوں میں رہیں گے
In Islamic jurisprudence, there are different degrees of inference and reasoning. He is also a mujtahid who, while respecting the principle of a particular religion, differs from his religion only in its branches and does not go against the principles of that particular religion. There is also a mujtahid who has jurisdiction over both the principles and the rules. Such a mujtahid is not a follower of any of the jurisprudential religions. Taqi-ud-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah remarkable, recognized, and medieval Sunni Theologian, jurisconsult, logician, and great reformer today, he is known by the title of Sheikh-ul-Islam. In some sciences and arts, he had Ijtihadi abilities and practitioners. He did not spare a single minute in expressing his critical ability and competence according to his instincts in principles and disciplines. Ibn Taymiyyah's critical ability and competence were manifested in the form of differences in the scientific world of the Islamic world. Due to this, Ibn Taymiyyah faced severe criticism from the academic circles all his life. In this article, it will be reviewed that Ibn Taymiyyah's jurisprudential and doctrinal differences came to light based on ijtihad, principles and his jurisprudential position and status and method of derivation and reasoning of the issues.
Background: Medication errors have potential to cause harm and death; especially children who are three times more vulnerable than adults. Risk of medication errors is higher in out- patient settings due to a stressful work environment with less familiarity of individual patients. This problem in sub-Saharan Africa is however largely undetermined. A Voice Recognition System that converts verbal messages into text and stores it in a database in a retrievable format could impact on reduction of medication errors. Objectives: The primary objective was to compare medication prescription and dispensing errors in written prescriptions with those from a Voice Recognition System. Secondary objectives were to determine the types and frequency of medication errors, determinants of medication errors and acceptability of routine use of a Voice Recognition System to make medication prescriptions. Study design: A before -after Intervention study to determine the impact of introduction of a Voice Recognition System on the occurrence of medication errors. Methods: Prescriptions issued from the Paediatric Accident and Emergency Department at Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi over a six month period were randomly selected and analyzed for errors. Patient‟s bio-data, diagnosis, prescriber‟s specialization and time of prescription were retrieved from outpatient medical records and documented in a standard study tool. A Voice Recognition System was installed and doctors and pharmacists consenting to use Voice Recognition were trained to enhance proficiency in its use. During consultations, doctors enrolled patients who provided written informed consent to have their prescriptions made using Voice Recognition. Prescription and dispensing records were analysed to determine the occurrence of medication errors. Questionnaires were issued to pharmacists and doctors to rate the use of Voice Recognition in the medication process. Results: During the VRS phase the proportion of female patients reviewed were 56.9% compared to 40% in the pre VRS phase. (OR= 0.5 (95% CI 0.37-0.69), P<0.001). The top five conditions diagnosed at the pediatric A&E department were upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, tonsillitis, pharyngitis and gastroenteritis. Incidence was similar in both pre VRS and VRS phases. (51.5% and 58.3% OR=0.74 (95% CI 0.53-1.01), P=0.063.) Overall, there was a 19.5% reduction in prescription errors from 86.1% in the pre Voice Recognition phase to 69.3% in the Voice Recognition phase (P<0.001). Among prescription errors analysed, there was a 31.9% reduction in omitted drug route (P <0.001) and a 64.8 % reduction in incorrect drug dose (P<0.001). Analysis of dispensing errors revealed the greatest