Almighty Allah revealed the Holy Qur’an for guidance of the mankind. This guidance cannot be acquired without pondering over the meanings of this book. Different scholars dedicated their lives for understanding and then spreading the message of the Almighty Allah. This book is a study of the work on translations and tafasīr of Holy Qur’an. In Sub-Continent, a large number of religious scholars dedicated themselves for the service of Holy Qur’an. Their vision was broad and they elaborated meanings of the Holy Qur’an according to their own mental approach They were appreciated and criticized by scholars of different sects of the society. There is a dire need to understand and spread the teachings of the Holy book. Hopefully this work will encourage the readers to be aware of the research of theologians. Shāh Walī Allāh is the most important religious figure of Sub-Continent. He and his sons played very important role in spreading the message of Qur’an. Brief services of this family are elaborated in this book. Scholars of Sindh have contributed in writing translations and commentaries of Holy Qur’an. Some of their contributions are highlighted. The reader will also find introduction of well-known translations and tafasīr of the 20th century. But this introduction is restricted to the Sub-continent. Through this book. the writer wants only to motivate people for learning the Holy Book. It is not claimed that services of all the Qur’anic theologians of Sub-continent are highlighted. This is a matter of pride for the author that things are discussed without any prejudice. The readers are the best judges. Suggestions regarding the improvement will be welcomed. I am thankful to Prof. Dr. Shams-ul-Basar and Dr. Zohaib Ahmad for guidance and Co-operation regarding the publication of this work. May Allah Almighty shower blessings on them. If...
To evaluate the feasibility of a business venture, both financial and non-financial factors are taken into consideration. The assessment of feasibility involves analyzing non-financial elements, with a specific focus on production and marketing aspects. The financial aspects of Tofu and Tempeh Sukses Jaya's commercial production were analyzed using metrics such as payback period (PP), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and profitability index (PI) to determine its overall feasibility. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that the business is feasible due to its advantageous location and convenient accessibility. The Tofu and Tempeh Sukses Jaya business appears to be viable due to its strategic and easily accessible location, modern technology, and straightforward production process. Feasibility is ensured by high product quality, imported raw materials, competitive pricing, extensive distribution channels, and effective promotional efforts by the owner to ensure consumer awareness. The financial analysis suggests that the Tempeh Tofu business could be viable over a 10-year project duration with a 10 percent discount rate. According to the evaluation criteria, the business has a 6-month payback period (PP), a net present value (NPV) of IDR 161,565,200, a profitability index (PI) of 1.6%, and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 30%, all of which indicates the business's financial feasibility.
This dissertation is part of the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) funded project, “Enthnogenetic elaboration of KP through Dental Morphology and DNA analysis”. This study focused on five major ethnic groups (Gujars, Jadoons, Syeds, Tanolis, and Yousafzais) of Buner and Swabi Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan, through investigations of variations in morphological traits of the permanent tooth crown, and by molecular anthropology based on mitochondrial and Y-chromosome DNA analyses. The frequencies of seven dental traits, of the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS) were scored as 17 toothtrait combinations for each sample, encompassing a total sample size of 688 individuals. These data were compared to data collected in an identical fashion among samples of prehistoric inhabitants of the Indus Valley, southern Central Asia, and west-central peninsular India, as well as to samples of living members of ethnic groups from Abbottabad, Chitral, Haripur, and Mansehra Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and to samples of living members of ethnic groups residing in Gilgit-Baltistan. Similarities in dental trait frequencies were assessed with C.A.B. Smith’s mean measure of divergence distance (MMD). Intergroup patterning in the diagonal pairwise matrix of MMD values was subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis with Ward’s method, neighbor-joining cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling with both Kruskal’s and Guttman’s methods. Results indicate that the five ethnic groups from Buner and Swabi Districts possess no affinities to the prehistoric samples from southern Central Asia, or the Indus Valley. Likewise, XXII they share no affinities to populations, either prehistoric or living, of peninsular Indians. Among the samples of contemporary ethnic groups of Pakistan, the Jadoons of Swabi District (JADsb) and the MadakLasht of Chitral District are almost always identified as outliers with few affinities to the other samples considered in this study. The two Yousafzai samples (YSFb, YSFsb) and the two Wakhi samples (WAKg, WAKs) tended to exhibit closest affinities to one another, as do the two Gujar samples (GUJb, GUJsb) and two of the Syed samples (SYDb, SYDsb), albeit to a lesser extent. There does not seem to be a consistent separation of samples from the Hindu Kush/Karakoram highlands (i.e., Chitral District, Gilgit-Baltistan versus those occupying the foothills and northern rim of the Indus Valley (i.e., Abbotabad, Buner, Haripur, Mansehra, Swabi Districts), While members of these ethnic groups tended to show relatively close affinities to other self-identifying members of that ethnic group, regardless of sampling locality, this was not true for Tanolis, for the sample from Mansehra District exhibits no affinities to the sample of Tanolis from Swabi District (TANsb). Maternal genetic ancestry was explored by analyzing the mtDNA coding regions and control region sequence variation. Though this analysis, a total of 54 mtDNA haplogroups was identified, majority (50.53%) of them being western Eurasian lineages, suggesting somewhat greater affinity with West Eurasian populations relative to populations of other world regions. South Asian lineages account for 39% of the lineages found among members of the five sampled ethnic groups of Buner and Swabi Districts, while East Eurasian XXIII lineages account for 10.17%. West Eurasian lineages were found with greatest frequency among the Gujars (62.3%), while lowest frequencies occurred among the Tanolis (47.01%). The most prevalent haplogroup among all the five ethnic groups was H with a frequency of 11.53%, while the frequencies of U7 (6.98%), J1 (4.70%), W (4.70%) and HV (3.64%) was recorded. Frequencies of South Asian lineages were found to be highest among Tanolis (47.76%), while lowest frequencies occurred among Syeds (26.77%). Haplogroup U2 (8.35%), M3 (5.61%), and R5 (4.1%) were the most frequent South Asian lineages found in the present study. Jadoons were found to exhibit the heist frequency of East Eurasian lineages (15.15%), while lowest frequencies were found among the Gujars (4.1%).” Haplogroup D was found to be the most prevalent East Eurasian lineage, representing 3.64% individuals. Genetic variations in the non-recombining segment of the Y-chromosome (NRY) were characterized using 32 binary markers and 19 short tandem repeats (STRs). These markers yielded 11 haplogroups across the five population samples. The majority of the Y-chromosomes were found to belong to haplogroups R1a1a (50%), R1b1a (17.4%) and O3 (13.86%). Highest frequencies of haplogroup R1a1a-M17 were found among the Syed samples (89.15%), while lowest frequencies occurred among the Jadoons (5.26%). Western Eurasian haplogroup R1b1a-M297 was only found among the Tanoli males included in the study, while Jadoon Y-chromosomes were predominantly of haplogroup O3 (76.32%). South Asian haplogroup L was found with highest frequencies among the Gujars (20.97%), while lowest XXIV frequencies occurred in the sample of Jadoon males (3.51%). Overall, this study provides high resolution data sets for both uniparental lineage systems (mtDNA, Y-chromosome), as well insight into the genetic diversity encompassed by the five sampled ethnic groups of Buner and Swabi Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.