موضوع6: زبان کی مختلف سطحیں(معنویات)
معنویات:
وہ علم ہے جو معنی اور اس کے متعلقات سے بحث کرتا ہے اور معنی وہ ذہنی شبیہ ہے جو ہر لفظ کی صوتی شبہ کے پیچھے چھپی ہوتی ہے۔چنانچہ لفظ اور معنی کا رشتہ اٹوٹ ہوتا ہے۔ لفظ سے معنی اور معنی سے لفظ جدا نہیں ہو سکتا۔ جس طرح الفاظ کی آوازوں کا مطالعہ صوتیات کہلاتا ہے اسی طرح معنی کا مطالعہ معنویات کہلاتا ہے اور یہ دونوں لسانیات کے اہم حصے ہیں۔ یعنی لفظ وہ اشارہ ہے جس کی طرف معنی اشارہ کرتا ہے اور زبان دونوں کے ربط کا دوسرا نام ہے۔ پروفیسر جوز شور کہتے ہیں :
‘‘انسانی معاشرے میں لفظ کی جو قدروقیمت ہے وہ صرف اس کے معنی کی بدولت ہے جو اس میں چھپا ہوتا ہے ناکہ ان مفرد آوازوں کی جن سے لفظ مرکب ہوتا ہے"
آوازوں کے بے مقصد مرکب کے لحاظ سے لفظ کو بھی لسانیات میں کوئی منزلت حاصل نہیں ہو سکتی۔جس سے یہ نتیجہ نکالا جاتا ہے کہ فطرت انسانی کے نقطہ نظر سے معنی کو لفظ پر ترجیح حاصل ہے۔ بعض اوقات لوگ زبان کی طرح معنی میں بھی تعریفیت کا سراغ لگاتے ہیں۔ڈاکٹر سہیل بخاری کہتے ہیں:
"اس غلط سوچ نے علم بیان کے محققوں کو بہت بھٹکایا ہے معنویات مطالعہ معنی ہے اور مطالعہ معنی گرامر کا مطالعہ ہے۔"
یہ خیال بھی پچھلے خیال کی طرح بے بنیاد ہیں معنویات مطالعہ معنی ضرور ہے لیکن گرامر کا معنی یا مطالعہ معنی سے کوئی تعلق نہیں رکھتا گرامر کلام کے ظاہر یا ہیت کا مطالعہ کرتی ہے اور اس کے اجزا اور ارکان کے درمیان باہمی روابط کو توجہ کا مرکز بناتی ہے اس طرح گرامر اور معنویات کا دائرہ ایک دوسرے سے الگ ہیں۔
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زندگی ایک با مقصد حقیقت ہے...
Islam is an institution of justice and moderation. It is a straight path and the Muslim fraternity is the nation which practices moderation and justice. The Islamic system is based on justice. If there are tears for the oppressed then there are swords for the oppressors. Allah do command you to render back your Trusts to those to whom they are due; and when ye judge between man and man, that ye judge with justice: verily how excellent is the teaching which He gives you! For Allah is He Who hears and sees all things." [Quran 4: 58] Allah says in the Qur'an: “Allah commands justice, the doing of good, and liberality to kith and kin, and He forbids all shameful deeds, and injustice and rebellion: He instructs you, that you may receive admonition.” (Surah An-Nahl: 90) Establishing justice is the law of Allah. It is part of the balance which Allah has created. In Surah Ar-Rahman, Allah describes how He has created a balance of justice, and why as we discussed earlier, There are times when people do wrong in this world and get away with it. Sometimes, criminals commit crimes, and no one brings them to account. There are times when wrongdoers commit their evil deeds in the darkness of night, and no one witnesses their crime, other than their Creator. As Allah Himself created the balance of justice as His law in this world, Allah will not allow any injustice to happen, without bringing that person to account. Those matters which are not resolved in this world, Allah will deal with them in the hereafter…on the Day of Judgment. Every one of us was created by Allah, and every one of us will return to Him for final judgment. Allah's creatures cannot exceed the limits and the unlawful rights which the Creator has set for them.
The work described here involves a detail AACVD study to observe and investigate overall morphological changes in copper, silver and nickel sulphide depositions from respective dithiocarbamate complexes on zinc oxide, bismuth and silver functionalized thin films at three different temperatures i.e. 300, 350, 400 оC. A variation in film thickness and color from black, brown, yellow and shiny dark grey was observed in copper, silver, nickel sulphide on all coated thin films. SEM images clearly indicated variations in morphology and different phases by XRD were observed with different UV analyzed nanoparticle coatings on substrate surface. In addition to above study, another scheme involving detailed investigation on effect of ligand substitution on metal sulphide depositions by synthesis and characterization of a set of N,N-disubstituted-N’-acylthiourea was done. Benzoyl and cinnamoyl chloride, and two secondary amines, diphenyl- and diisopropylamine were selectively used to derive L1, L2, L3, L4 ligands of completely characterized nickel complexes, Ni(L3)2 was found to have the lowest decomposition temperature and its thorough study revealed the most rapid mass loss occurring at 223 °C. L3 was selected for the synthesis and study of several other ML2 and ML3 complexes (M = Ni, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co, and Cu.) depending upon this detail study. The related complexes Ni(L3)2, Cu(L3)2, Co(L3)3, and Zn(L3)2 were all synthesized and found to crystalize in the cis-square planar, trans-square planar, fac-octahedral, and distorted tetrahedral geometries respectively. From AACVD, Ni(L3)2, Co(L3)3, and Zn(L3)2 at temperatures of 350 °C were found to deposit their corresponding metal sulfide but attempted depositions from tetrahydrofuran solution of Cu(L3)2 were not very successful due its low solubility. The viability of N,N-disubstituted-N’-acylthiourea ligands as sulfur sources in the AACVD of metal sulfides was demonstrated in these experiments.