The Expression of Religious Positivity in Karen Armstrong’s Sīrah Work

Orientalists contributed much regarding their study of the Holy Qur’ān, Hadith and Sīrah since eighteenth century. Few of them attracted Muslim scholars due to the quality of their work about Islam, like the translation of the Holy Qur’ān, the indexes of Hadith literature and the translations of Arabic Sīrah books in English. These orientalists have left a positive impression regarding their contributions in introducing Islamic literature in West in their native languages. This research paper aims to present the expression of religious positivity in modern orientalist Karen Armstrong’s Sīrah work. This selection is based on the status of this Sīrah writer in present time. Her books are best sellers written on comparative religion and a huge number of people study her books and appreciate her for expressing the positive image of Islam in West. In this study, it will be found out that in which style and angle she has presented her works regarding religious positivity especially the presentation of the personality of the Holy Prophet (peace be on him) to the non-Muslims and non-religious societies.

Structural, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Spinel Based Transition Metal Oxides

Theoretical study of Spinel based Transition Metal Oxides is reported. The Density Functional Theory approach is adopted for computational investigation using LAPW code. The structural, elastic properties of (XAl2O4 for X=Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), (MGa2O4 for M=Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd), (NIn2O4 for N=Mg, Zn, In) & (ZnP2O4 for P=V, Cr, Fe, Rh, Sn) along with electronic & magnetic properties of cubic spinel oxides (XAl2O4) and (MGa2O4) have calculated. The calculated structural parameters conform to other experimental and theoretical evidences. Fulfillment of elastic stability criteria proves the reliability of the reported data. The calculated elastic constants show that all materials abide its stability opposing elastic deformations and the Cauchy’s pressure confirms the dynamical stability of these materials. The high values of bulk moduli show the hardness of these materials while the Young moduli data reveal that MgAl2O4 is the stiffer material among all. Further, Poisson’s ratios testify the compressibility, connote stableness to external deformation of these materials and reveal dominance of central forces being the interatomic forces. Out of 24 materials, only 05 are brittle and the rest are ductile with elastic anisotropy. MgAl2O4 is the most brittle and CdGa2O4 is the most ductile material. The electronic structure (Total DOS) show all XAl2O4, MGa2O4 (M=Fe, Co, Zn, Cd) have antiferromagnetic, NiGa2O4 & CuGa2O4 have FM state and the valence near Fermi level due to the transition metal 3d state. The calculation of direct exchange energy Δx(d) shows that the exchange mechanism of electrons is dominant in introducing magnetism and enormous exchange splitting is observed in these materials. The ferromagnetism in the group MGa2O4 of spinel oxide compounds is due to hybridization between the electrons in the 3d-states cation and 2p states anion. Appearance of magnetic moments in these materials is due to unpaired electrons in 3d states of Transition metal ions. The negative value of indirect exchange energy confirms the magnetism by spin of electrons.