شاعرؔصدیقی:شخصیت و تصانیف
خاندانی پس منظر
شاعرؔ صدیقی کے آبائو اجداد کا تعلق افغانستان سے ہے۔ ان کے بزرگ دراصل سپہ گیری کے پیشے سے وابستہ تھے۔جنہوں نے کسی زمانے میں ہجرت کرکے خیبر پختون خواہ چلے آئے اور پشاورمیں اپنا کاروبار شروع کیا۔اس کے بعد یہ خاندان پشاور سے دہلی منتقل ہوا اور وہاں سکونت اختیار کرلی بقول شاعرؔصدیقی یہ غالباً نادر شاہ افشار کا زمانہ تھا۔شاعرؔصدیقی اپنے خاندانی پس منظرکے متعلق کچھ یوںلکھتے ہیں:
’’ہمارا خاندان جو ہے یہ دراصل افغانستان سے تعلق رکھتا ہے۔اس لیے ہم ذات کے پٹھان ہیں۔ اس کے بارے کچھ زیادہ علم اس لیے نہیں ہے کہ ہمارے بزرگوں نے اس پر زیادہ روشنی نہیں ڈالی۔سنی سنائی جو بات تھی ہمارے خاندان میں بلکہ ہماری اپنی دادی کی زبانی تو وہ مجھے کچھ یاد ہے اور کچھ اس طرح یاد ہے کہ اس نے میری والدہ سے بعض گفتگو کی تھی زیادہ کہ ہمارا خاندان اس طرح کا تھا۔تووہاں سے پشاور یا سرحد کی طرف رخ کیا تو سرحد یا غالباً پشاور میں کچھ کاروبار کیا۔پھر وہا ں سے ہجرت کرکے وہ لوگ دہلی آئے۔یہ غالباً نادرشاہ افشار کا زمانا تھا۔‘‘(۱)
بیرونی حملہ آ وروں کی وجہ سے جب دہلی کے شہر میں قتل غارت گری شروع ہوئی اور شہر اْجڑ گیا تو شاعرؔصدیقی کے دادا فخراللہ خان نے اپنے خاندان کے ہمراہ دہلی سے ہجرت کرکے لکھنوچلے آئے جہاں اْن کی وفات ہوئی۔اس ضمن میں شاعر صدیقی لکھتے ہیں:
’’جب دہلی میں قتل غارت گری شروع ہوئی تو میرے داد فخراللہ خان نے اپنے چھوٹے سی فیملی کو لے کر دہلی سے لکھنو ہجرت کی۔جب لکھنو پہنچے تو کافی عرصہ تک لکھنو میں رہے۔‘‘(۲)
فخراللہ خان کی تین اولاد میں دوبیٹے اور ایک بیٹی تھی۔شاعرؔصدیقی کے والدعبدالغفار خان ان کے چھوٹے بیٹے تھے۔فخراللہ خان کے دونوں بیٹے (عبدالرحمان خان...
Background: Determination of age depends upon physical examination, dental assessment, and skeletal evaluation. The radiological examination of bone for appearance and fusion of ossification centers helps in the assessment of skeletal maturity as the process occurs in a particular sequence which is almost constant for that particular bone. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the age of fusion of iliac crest by radiological examination of subjects of age bracket 17-25 years coming to Shalamar Hospital Lahore Methods: In this cross-sectional study, radiological examinations (Digital X-Rays) were performed to evaluate the fusion of Iliac Crest in 200 subjects of both genders of 17 – 25 years. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 23. Conclusions were drawn and compared with available results of previous work done in this field. Results: Out of 200 subjects, there were 132 males (66 %) and 68 females (34%). The mean ± SD age of both genders was 20.41± 2.55. There were 93 cases (70.45%) of complete fusion among males, showing 100 % union in the age groups of 21-25 years, while 40 cases (58.83%) of complete union among females were observed during 20-25 year of age groups. The mean ± SD age of complete union for males was 20.67± 2.61 years and for females 19.90 ± 2.38 years, with a significant p value of <0.05. Similarly, a statistically significant difference was observed among people of different socio-economic statuses. No difference was observed among different ethnic groups. Conclusions: The fusion of the iliac crest is not affected by ethnicity. Factors like diet and nutrition directly affect bone growth and hence bone age. More studies should be conducted across the country to formulate a standard in setting up a uniform criterion for assessing the age of adolescents
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental hazards in Pakistan. There are many ways in which the PAH can enter the soil environment and interfere with the soil system and the plants grown in soil. This study demonstrates the efficacy of organic amendments to improve phytoremediation efficiency in PAH contaminated soil. The main objectives of the study were to compare PAH concentration in soil before and after the pot experiments in different treatments and demonstrate the interaction of soil PAHs and compost amendments on PAH bioavailability in soil. To assess plant growth in PAH contaminated soil and their subsequent uptake of PAH by vetiver grass and rye grass and to evaluate the effect of season on the PAH sequestration in SOM fractions. Experiments were conducted with two different soils (S1: Gujar Khan with silty clay loam texture and S2: PMAS-Arid agriculture university Rawalpindi main campus with sandy loam texture) and grass (P1: vetiver; P2: rye grass) types. Each type of soil and grass was studied in six different levels of diesel contamination and compost amendment (T1: Control; T2: 1% compost; T3: 0.5% diesel (PAHs); T4: 1% diesel (PAHs); T5: 0.5% diesel (PAHs) + 1% compost and T6: 1% diesel (PAHs) + 1% compost) and performed with three replications. Pot trials were conducted in two seasons: during June – September (2012), and October – January (2013). Soil physic-chemical analysis and soil organic matter fractionation was performed at the start of experiments and also at the end of pot experiments. Soil PAHs analysis was done after the 15 days of spiking and at the end of experiments. PAHs were analyzed by GC-MS. Physicochemical analysis of the soil pH and EC values were lower than the initial values. 21 Similarly organic matter, TOC and TN concentrations varied significantly in each treatment. Plant growth revealed that PAH contamination negatively influenced both grass species. However adding compost improved the plant growth in PAHcontaminated soils with 1% compost. In treatments with diesel and compost amendments the plant biomass was higher in summer compared to winter. A 56% decrease in root length was observed in vetiver grass when soil was spiked with 1% diesel. Uptake of low molecular weight PAHs was higher compared to high molecular weight PAHs. Accumulation of PAHs in root and shoot corresponded to the removal of PAHs from soil by grasses. The accumulation of PAHs in plant biomass was greater in summer than winter. The effect of various treatments applied showed that the more PAHs accumulated in the absence of compost. Whereas the sequestration by SOM in T5 and T6 reduced the concentration of PAHs in soil. In vetiver most of PAHs are accumulated in roots compared to shoots. GC-MS analysis for soil PAHs indicated that PAH concentration declined from the initial concentration. Microbial community analysis by TRFLP showed that Streptomyces and Mycobacterium were the dominating species in diesel contaminated soil. Soil fractionation showed that the humin fraction had higher percentage in both types of soils, while Fulvic acid concentration was lowest in all treatments. However, fulvic acid content was positively correlated to the PAHs in soil. In the case of high molecular weight PAHs, humic acid was positively correlated with the sequestration matrix. This study clearly showed that the phytoremediation of contaminated soil using organic amendments and plants with a dense root system could be a useful approach for removal of PAHs from contaminated soil. Compost amendment has increased the degradation of PAHs through facilitated by microbial activity. Soil organic matter fractions were the prime sites where PAHs was mostly sequestered.