’’ارضِ اقبال آ فاقیت کے آ ئینے میں‘‘ڈاکٹر نصیر احمد اسد کے تحقیقی وتنقیدی مضامین کا اولین تخلیقی مجموعہ ہے ۔اسے ابتدائی کاوش کے نقطہء نظر ہی سے دیکھتے ہیں تو ان کی محنت و لگن اور ادبی ذوق و شوق کی داد دینی پڑتی ہے کہ انہوں نے جس تن دہی سے اس کام کو پایۂ تکمیل تک پہنچایا ہے اسے مدنظر رکھتے ہوئے یہ بات پورے وثوق سے کہی جاسکتی ہے کہ خوب سے خوب کرنے کی جستجو ان کی فطرتِ ثانیہ ہے۔
اس کام کے حوالے سے ایک بات خاص طور پر یہ محسوس ہوئی کہ ان میں سیکھنے کا رویّہ قابل رشک حد تک پایا جاتا ہے اور وہ اپنے آ پ کو بہت کچھ سمجھنے کے خبط سے پاک ہیں اوریہ صرف ادب ہی سے خاص نہیں بلکہ زندگی کا کوئی بھی شعبہ ہو ترقی کی بنیاد یہی رویہ ہے۔چنانچہ جس انداز سے وہ سفر شوق طے کر رہے ہیں امید ہے کہ ایک دن یہ نام ادبی حوالہ ہو گا۔
ان کے مقالات میں تنقیدی اور تقابلی مطالعہ اپنے تہذیبی و ثقافتی پس منظر سے اُبھرتا ہےاور وہ افراد اور رویّوں ہر دو میں اشتراکات اور اختلافات اور مستقبل کے امکانات کو اپنی روایت میں شناخت کرتے اور قدر کا تعیّن کرتے ہیں۔
ڈاکٹر سید عامر سہیل
چئیر مین شعبہ اردو ، اسلامیہ یونیورسٹی، بہاولپور
Seal of Prophet-hood (Khatam-e-Nabuwat) is one of the critical issues which Islam has particularly emphasized to such a degree that a person cannot enter in the fold of Islam or may remain a Muslim without it. People, who believed in Torah & Gospel also believed that a prophet of mercy will descend with clear signs of prophet-hood. He will lead the world and guide them to the righteous path and will disclose the changes in Gospel. They also believed that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) will reveal the prophet-hood of Jesus and confirm that Jesus is a man of Allah with bestowed miracles. The world knows that the complete code of life after Moses was given only to the last Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The prophet-hood has been sealed with Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) is proven from Holy Quran as well as from Torah & Gospel. Torah & Gospel openly declare the prophet-hood of Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) as “The Stone of Corner”. So the Holy Prophet (PBUH) himself announced the seal of his prophet-hood which none of the prophets of Bani Israel claimed in their lives. The prophet Jesus (A.S) also made efforts to clarify this point in front of his followers through several parables. These parables openly depict the authenticity of Islam and Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) being the seal of prophets. This article provides information regarding predictions about Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) as the last and final of the prophets of Allah Almighty, through Old & New Testaments as justified by Holy Quran. It also explains the status and value of the belief of “Finality of Prophet-hood” according to the Islamic teachings.
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations over the last 150 years and the increasingly dramatic effects of climate change on ecosystems and humankind have reinvigorated the need to understand the terrestrial global carbon cycle. Forest ecosystems are of particular importance because they contain up to 82% of the terrestrial plant biomass, which is inter-linked with atmospheric CO 2 levels through the carbon cycle. This importance has been recognized within global agreements like the Kyoto Protocol, which is designed to address climate change. In order to meet the requirements of this and similar agreements, we need reliable estimates of carbon stocks and fluxes. These have so far been lacking for many of the forest ecosystems of Pakistan. I quantified the mean forest carbon stocks (t ha -1 ) for two major forest types in Pakistan and investigated the uncertainty of these estimates at three levels of sampling intensity. Overall, 261 plots of 1 ha each were established in selected four sites, two in sub-tropical pine forests (Ghoragali, 1729 ha and Lehterar, 1254 ha) and two sub- tropical, broad-leaved, evergreen forests (Sohawa, 4048 ha and Kherimurat, 3360 ha) between 2005-08, representing a sampling intensity of 2.5 percent of the total forest area. In mature (~100 years old) pine forest stand at Ghoragali and Lehterar sites, a mean basal area of 30.38 and 26.11 m 2 ha -1 represented mean volume of 243 and 197xv m 3 ha -1 respectively. The average biomass (t ha -1 ) in both sites was 237 and 186 t ha -1 respectively which is equal to 128 and 100 t C ha -1 including soil C. However, on average basis both the forests have 114.5+ 2.26 t ha -1 of carbon stock which comprises of 92 percent in tree biomass and only 8 % in the top soils. In mixed broad-leaved evergreen forests a mean basal area (m 2 ha -1 ) at Kherimurat and Sohawa was 3.06 and 2.65 with stem volume of 12.86 and 11.40 m 3 ha -1 . The average upper and understorey biomass (t ha -1 ) in both sites was 50.93 and 40.43 t ha -1 respectively which is equal to 31.18 and 24.36 t C ha -1 including soil C stocks. This study provides a protocol and valuable baseline data for monitoring biomass and carbon stocks in Pakistan‟s managed and unmanaged sub-tropical forests. Reducing the sampling intensity from the standard 2.5 percent of total forest area to 1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 percent of total forest area did not increase the coefficient of variation or uncertainty associated with the mean estimated forest C in these forests. However, at a sampling intensity of 0.1 percent there was a marked increase in estimate uncertainty. One of the important recommendations of the study is that 1.0 percent sampling intensity is adequate for future studies in sub tropical pine and broadleaved evergreen forests.