تحقیقات حدیث میں پروفیسر جوزف شاخت کی طرز تحقیق کا تنقیدی جائزہ

In general, the results of research studies conducted by Professor Joseph Schacht and his fellows on criticism of Ahadith are contradictory with the results of Muslim Scholars. Muslim Scholars, point of view is that Muhaddithin have opposed, with full power, the condemnable tries for fabrication of Ahadith. Valuable principles for the identification of authentic and unauthentic traditions were the result of the struggles done by Muhaddithin. With the help of these principles the categorization of Ahadith came in to practical. Professor Joseph Schacht argues that the material presented as Ahadith and Sunna of Prophet by Muslim scholars is the production of later times. According to his point of view, there is no authentic hadith in the bulk of traditions and if assumed that there are few authentic, they are also mixed up with unauthentic and there is no possibility of identification of authentic one. This study is a try to identify the mistakes of his research approach.

Performance of Demutualized, Cross-Listed and Newly Listed Ipos: Evidences from Alternative Investment Market Aim

Generally, in most traditional markets one can observe a rapid escalation in the trading price of many IPOs on the first day. The closing price on the first day of trading is quite often much high then the offering price six hours earlier.It is a well established fact that initial public offerings of common stock (hereafter IPOs) are mostly underpriced, sometimes astronomically and subsequently underperformed in long-run period. There remains a question as to why this is such a common occurrence. However, virtually all the statistical studies draw their data from large highly liquid markets-traditional or main markets. To test these propositions, we selected various categories of IPOs i.e. local IPOs, cross-listed IPOs and demutualized firms’ offeringthat are listed on AIM during 2001 to 2017. Findings of the study depicts that on average, IPOs are underpriced by 2.48%, 2.62% and 2.16% on the first, fifteen and thirty day of trading respectively. We further identified that demutualized IPOs are less underpriced then local IPOs. In addition, cross-listed IPOs are more underpriced on the fifteenth and the thirtieth day of trading relative to local and demutualized IPOs. This study also reports that offer price is emerged as a robust determinant of short-run performance of unseasoned issues. In long-run price performance, it is found that investors in the AIM earn significant positive returns if the stock is hold for three years, and the price variation is dependent upon the firm size. As for as the spillover is concerned, the results show that only mean spillover effects from US and Australian market and volatility spillover effects from US, Canada, Australia and Irish market transmit to their respective cross-listed IPOs on an alternative markets. That finding implies that in short-run, a lower offer price leads to greater underpricing. In long-run, Investment in small firms seems more profitable compared to those of large firms in the AIM. These findings suggest that prospective investors can develop and diversify their portfolio in an alternative markets. The findings of the study have also a practical value for those investor who are especially interested in earning abnormal excess returns in an alternative market